Auguri!

 

What is or should be the role of youth in international affairs? In what ways are the interests of the younger generation different from or the same as those of older generations?

Talk to your UN Youth Delegate and look at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1A8au53W5Dg

https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/422/54/PDF/N1942254.pdf?OpenElement

https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/ecosoc-youth-forum

https://www.instagram.com/unyd_italy/

https://www.facebook.com/UNYouthDelegateItaly/

https://www.sioi.org/attivita/focus-on/unydp-2/

https://twitter.com/unyditaly

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4Faz7CNT8k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwT1QrWaj60

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJWx2pXcgPQ

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/youth-delegate-programme.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoxprhVAZKM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbShXrsFmOA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4Faz7CNT8k

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/issue-briefs.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/faq.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-youth-report.html

http://www.unworldyouthreport.org/

Here are some links and notes to get you started on research for an essay. First examine some current and recent events connected with youth, e.g. in Hong Kong, Ecuador, Lebanon, Iraq and Chile.

Then have a look at the activities, initiatives and positions or statements by international relations organizations, governments and public figures, e.g. Greta Thunberg's impassioned speeches at the United Nations Climate Action Summit on 23 September 2019

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAJsdgTPJpU

at the Youth4Climate Pre-COP26 on 29 set 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiwRQnNlNGU

and during the COP26 in November2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0FzWOBY-Yc

or Boyan Slat (see the links at the end of this post), or this

https://ec.europa.eu/youth/policy/youth-strategy_en

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/servizi/italiani/opportunita/nelle_oo_ii/pergiovani/jpo.html

or https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/sanremo-giovani-world-tour

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/iyd2020.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/news/2020/05/covid-19/

https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2020/03/5-things-young-people-can-do-against-coronavirus/

https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/youth-employment/publications/WCMS_753026/lang--en/index.htm

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/3-ways-covid-19-has-changed-youth-activism/

https://vancouversun.com/news/covid-19-may-have-halted-massive-protests-but-youth-are-taking-their-fight-for-the-future-to-the-courts

https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210121-covid-19-restrictions-to-remain-in-place-macron-warns-protesting-students

https://www.voanews.com/student-union/students-italy-protest-schools-reopen

http://www.consulentidellavoro.it/home/storico-articoli/12906-giovani-a-rischio-espulsione-dal-mercato-del-lavoro

https://www.open.online/2021/01/06/coronavirus-recovery-fund-protesta-social-investimenti-giovani-next-generation-eu/ù

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/neets

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/youth

The definition of 'youth' according to the UN is roughly 15-24 years old.

https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf

Think about a possible line of argument. For, example, mine would be that:

youth has long been a victim in national and international affairs, but it must now become, or perhaps I should say again become, a committed protagonist, a real actor in the promotion of multilateral strategies to deal with the challenges that youth faces across the globe and that it will inherit from today's older generations and have to face in the future (e.g. climate change) but perhaps this has always been the role every younger generation.

As victims and in terms of rights the definition of youth must often be broadened to include children as they are the youth and adults of tomorrow.

Youth as victims – in the developing world /living conditions, clean water, food, shelter, sanitation, health care / starvation / malnutrition / poverty rates / disease e,g. HIV-AIDS /the lack of medical care and its effects on long-term health / unemployment rates (e.g. North Africa) / child marriage / boy soldiers / female education rates, discrimination, lack of equal employment opportunities, inequality / exploitation of child and young workers / sexual exploitation / climate change, population growth, desertification, political instability leading to migration / human trafficking and migrant smuggling, refugees / labour exploitation of migrants in developed or more developed countries of arrival.

In the developed world – unemployment / underemployment, labour exploitation, poor contracts or unregistered black-market labour / migration of graduates and other young people / voting in frustration for non-traditional parties and for radical alternatives.

For a developing or developed country, youth should be a 'smart' investment for governments as they have long working lives ahead of them, flexibility, IT skills and the ability to learn new things.

On their part, young people need to organize, to form an effective and vocal lobby, to become active in national politics and international relations, to become proactive and try to influence and, if possible, to set the international agenda.

Possible examples: Malala Yousafzai, young people in Hong Kong, the Y20 summit

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/youth/

http://www.agenziagiovani.it/

They should press for (well, you choose, but possibly):

a) a global response to global warming and climate change

b) economic inclusion for youth

c) greater turn-out and youth participation in elections, as voters but also as candidates

d) more opportunities for youth like the Erasmus programme and programmes for youth in difficulty

c) greater responsibility from governments and the international community regarding challenges affecting children and youth

d) better prevention of nuclear proliferation

e) a lowering of the voting age?!?

f) prioritizing education and learning skills

There are some signs of hope – support for Greta Thunberg's School Strike for Climate movement, youth climate demonstrations, the UN Youth delegates, Malala Yousafzai and her campaign for civil rights and the right to education, role of youth in demonstrations in Hong Kong and Tunisia

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/09/partecipazione-italiana-al-united.html  https://www.facebook.com/UNYouthDelegateItaly/

In the West the younger and older generation may not be so different. Today's older generation were once the younger generation and protested against the war in Vietnam, against dictatorship in Chile and Argentina, against the oppressive Soviet system in Eastern Europe (and celebrated its fall in 1989) against China's repression of protests in Tiananmen square and against the Iraq war and in favour of the Arab Spring. They campaigned for jobs, minority rights and social justice and founded the Green Party and ecological movement.

Perhaps the main difference is technology. Young people today can use social media to exchange ideas across borders, organize action and make their situation, views and action known to the world. They can put their case to the global community, Hong Kong, Iraq, Lebanon, Chile. Global warming will affect them more than the older generation but that is mainly a question of life expectancy. The older generation needs to respond to the situation and integrate the younger generation into the consultation and decision-making process, to empower youth. Give an example of where this is, or is not, happening, like https://www.yepp.it/

 In conclusion, perhaps we should not focus too much on the West but should look at the role of youth in the developing world where global warming may not be the priority. Physical and economic survival, escaping from poverty, violence, exploitation and human rights abuses, the fight against unemployment and income inequality may be their priorities. Many young people remain the victims and hostages of our global society and are hardly in a position to voice their grievances except through street protests.

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/youth-delegate-programme.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/youth-delegate-programme/youth-delegates-at-72nd-ga-session.html

https://www.facebook.com/UNYouthDelegateItaly/

https://www.sioi.org/attivita/focus-on/unydp/

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/09/partecipazione-italiana-al-united.html

https://www.romunsioi.org/what-is-unydp/

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/news/2016/10/youth-delegates-share-views-on-key-development-issues-with-unga-third-committee/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwT1QrWaj60

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4Faz7CNT8k

NEET è l'acronimo inglese di "not (engaged) in education, employment or training".

https://www.romunsioi.org/youth-resolution-e-neet-un-grande-risultato-per-i-giovani-italiani/

http://www.onuitalia.com/2017/11/22/priorita-neet-agenda-youth-delegates-italiani-approvata-commissione-onu/

http://www.econ.uniurb.it/RePEc/urb/wpaper/WP_15_08.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1354571X.2017.1409529?src=recsys&journalCode=rmis20

Boyan Slat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyan_Slat
https://www.readersdigest.ca/culture/european-year-boyan-slatan-wants-clean-oceans/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROW9F-c0kIQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBaTeXZNk9c

https://www.greenme.it/informarsi/ambiente/ocean-cleanup-funziona/

https://www.cleanocean.org/news/who-is-boyan-slat#

https://theoceancleanup.com/

https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-plan-to-address-the-main-source-of-ocean-plastic-pollution-rivers/

https://www.corriere.it/esteri/18_giugno_14/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-pulizia-oceano-d294d190-6f46-11e8-a02e-ff9bef420dad.shtml?refresh_ce-cp

Youth and the Covid-19 pandemic

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_753057.pdf

https://www.coe.int/en/web/youth/-/youth-and-covid-19-survey-report

https://rm.coe.int/youth-and-covid-19-survey-report-english/16809feb26

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/neets

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/youth

http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9531en/ and the links it includes 

https://www.unicef.org/media/66761/file/Practical-Tips-on-Engaging-Adolescents-and-Youth-in-the-COVID-19-Response-2020.pdf

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_771428.pdf

You should have a look on Google at: Emma González, Gitanjali Rao, Sophie Cruz and also at https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/the-top-10-young-leaders-of-europe-poised-to-transform-the-world/

Opportunities and challenges: economic, social, and political impacts of climate change in the Arctic and the need for cooperation.

 The first few articles contain good introductory material to outline the current situation and frame the questions

https://www.cfr.org/report/arctic-governance#:~:text=These%20issues%20include%3A%20opposing%20North,status%20of%20the%20Northeast%20and

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/arctic_en.htm

https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/frna_-_eng_-interne_-_17-06-web_cle4fcfcc.pdf

https://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-arctic_07-9.pdf

https://arctic-council.org/en/

https://www.interreg-npa.eu/arctic-cooperation/

https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/11/28/military-and-environmental-challenges-in-arctic-pub-80424

https://www.arcticcentre.org/EN/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples#

https://www.intechopen.com/books/arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change/indigenous-communities-in-the-arctic-change-in-socio-economic-and-environmental-perspective

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/return-great-power-competition-arctic/

https://www.interreg-npa.eu/about/programme-in-brief/

https://www.interreg-npa.eu/

https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/whats-stake-rising-competition-arctic

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52915807

https://www.severe-weather.eu/news/arctic-circle-oil-spill-disaster-fa/

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/covid-19-arctic-the-arctic-institute-winter-series-2020-2021/

https://www.arctictoday.com/covid-19-and-the-arctic/

https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/44959/we-are-going-to-the-arctic/

https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/issues/protect-the-arctic/

https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/tag/arctic/

https://pame.is/mema/MEMAdatabase/349_Arctic%20Human%20Development%20Report.pdf

Italy

https://www.osservatorioartico.it/strategia-italia-artico/  (2020)

 https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1105156.pdf (2018)

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2016/06/strategy_for_the_arctic_may_2016.pdf  (2016)

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2016/06/italy_in_the_arctic.pdf (2016)

https://www.marina.difesa.it/EN/Conosciamoci/notizie/Pagine/20161215_eppr.aspx (2016)

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2019/11/verso_una_strategia_italiana_per_lartico__linee_guida_nazionali.pdf  (2015)

https://narfu.ru/upload/iblock/065/11_lagutina.pdf

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/artico

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2015/04/venice-international-university.html

Then whatever else you have time for:

http://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/10616/3866814/15_Arctic+Europe_Bringing+together+the+EU+Arctic+Policy.pdf/761dc7e8-ad2d-4d9a-a2f2-f0436efd5063?version=1.0

http://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-arctic_07-9.pdf

http://safety4sea.com/challenges-opportunities-emerging-arctic-change/

http://www.highnorthnews.com/op-ed-quo-vadis-arctic-the-european-union-and-its-northern-neighbourhood/

https://www.fni.no/news/the-european-union-and-the-geopolitics-of-the-arctic-article1671-330.html

https://accelfellowship.wordpress.com/opportunities-and-challenges-economic-social-and-political-impacts-of-climate-change-in-the-arctic/

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/artico

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/strategia-dell-italia-nell-artico.html

http://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2016/06/italy_in_the_arctic.pdf

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2016/10/l-italia-e-l-artico-nel-ventennale.html

http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2013/11/italian-arctic-strategy-unfolding-russian-oil-29-11

http://www.greenpeace.org/italy/it/campagne/Salviamo-il-clima/Save-The-Arctic/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/20/italian-composer--ludovico-einaudi-solemn-gig-in-the-arctic/

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/arctic-development-stalls_us_56a2b40be4b076aadcc6c444

http://energyfuse.org/low-oil-prices-undercut-arctic-oil-dreams/

http://www.reuters.com/article/oil-europe-investment-idUSL4N0SM3Y420141028

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Passage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route

http://www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/pdf/Backgrounder_ClimateChange_FINAL.pdf

http://www.greenfacts.org/en/arctic-climate-change/l-2/7-effects-on-people.htm

http://www.arcticcentre.org/EN/communications/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples

http://unchronicle.un.org/article/climate-change-arctic-inuit-reality/

So you approach the topic by explaining, or outlining hopes and concerns, about:

1) the effects of recent climate change on the Arctic region and the opportunities and challenges these changes bring.

2) the dangers to the environment and indigenous peoples

3) who the main actors are and what their interests are.

4) cooperation – the institutional framework and the reality on the ground

5) Italy and the EU’s position

6) competition on the ground

Your essay should give real examples throughout and refer to events and statements in 2019-21.

In your conclusion you could quickly summarise the opportunities, challenges and dangers and stress the need for multilateralism and protection of the environment and its inhabitants.

Merry Christmas!

 

Renewable energy

 https://www.statista.com/chart/26085/price-per-megawatt-hour-of-electricity-by-source/?utm_source=browser&utm_medium=push-notification&utm_campaign=EN-cleverpush-2021-12-06T09%3A53%3A48

The Pope and the Papacy

https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2021/12/17/pope-francis-85-birthday-242073?fbclid=IwAR2uNmb9cyKsSvO1uGdVkdsvoxf6mXeVymphyMRchLkMnYMZBzFw3eigooE 

https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-11/pope-francis-visit-assisi-poorpeople-day-of-poor.html

https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/09/01/pope-francis-social-issues-abortion-gay-rights-climate-change/71520372/

Il Trattato del Quirinale

https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2021/11/26/il-trattato-del-quirinale-e-la-tabella-di-marcia_d0f5dea4-f051-4ef2-89a8-125950ba8a42.html

https://www.agi.it/vista-tv/video/2021-12-09/trattato-del-quirinale-di-maio-roma-e-parigi-possono-fare-la-differenza-in-europa--14849981/

https://www.esteri.it/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/2021/07/della-vedova-il-trattato-di-cooperazione-rafforzata-italia-francia-come-motore-di-un-progetto-europeo-piu-forte/

https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2021/12/17/news/macron_contro_i_tamponi_per_chi_viaggia_tra_i_paesi_dell_ue_hanno_un_efficacia_limitata_-330530246/

Vaccine Skepticism

 https://morningconsult.com/global-vaccine-tracking/

Migrant arrivals in Italy 2014-2021

 https://www.statista.com/statistics/623514/migrant-arrivals-to-italy/

https://www.statista.com/statistics/624866/top-immigrant-nationalities-declared-upon-landing-italy/

The new German government

https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-elections-government-europe-olaf-scholz-angela-merkel-sdp-fdp-greens-brussels/

https://ecfr.eu/article/what-they-want-romes-views-on-the-new-german-government/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/germany-after-merkel-what-it-means-italy-31737

https://www.dw.com/en/what-are-the-key-issues-for-germanys-new-government/a-59936373

https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211208-greener-fairer-but-no-new-debt-what-to-expect-from-incoming-german-government

https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-what-does-the-new-german-coalition-government-mean-for-climate-change

https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/germany-nuclear-phase-out-2022/

https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/new-german-government-cabinet-complete-parties-greenlight-coalition-treaty

https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/new-german-government-aims-coal-exit-2030-bid-get-15-degree-path

https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2021/11/germanys-coalition-government-offers-a-taste-of-its-defence-ambitions

https://www.votewatch.eu/blog/what-does-the-new-german-coalition-mean-for-the-eu-and-how-eu-politics-policies-will-be-influenced/

L’Osservatorio sulle attività delle organizzazioni internazionali e sovranazionali, universali e regionali, sui temi di interesse della politica estera italiana

https://www.osorin.it/

Russia and NATO

 https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/la-russia-rompe-con-la-nato-32032

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50090.htm

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/18/russia-suspends-nato-mission-in-response-to-expulsion-of-its-staff

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/02/us-and-russia-no-closer-to-breakthrough-on-ukraine-after-talks

https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/05/biden-and-putin-set-to-talk-about-ukraine-in-video-call-on-tuesday.html

The European strategy on cyber security

https://www.sioi.org/primo-piano/evento-online-la-strategie-europea-per-la-cyber-securityverso-un-nuovo-modello-di-difesa/

Some useful vocabulary for international relations

https://irp2014.wordpress.com/vocabulary-lists/

https://diplomacy.state.gov/discover-diplomacy/diplomatic-dictionary/

https://www.vocabulary.com/lists/183677#view=notes

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/essentials-of-international-relations-vocab-1895879

https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/122125.pdf

https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/218634.pdf

http://kamudiplomasisi.org/pdf/kitaplar/___adictionaryofdiplomacy.pdf

Revision of Grammar and Vocabulary

B1 level:

All of the Grammar and Vocabulary sections on the left and right of this page:

https://www.english-practice.at/b1/vocabulary/b1-vocabulary-index.htm

This is huge because there are pages inside pages!

B2 level:

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/prepositions/prep005-prepositions.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/connectives/con004-connectives-linking-words.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/connectives/con003-connectives-linking-words.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/connectives/con002.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/prepositions/prep004.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/prepositions/prep003.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/connectives/con001.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/prepositions/prep002-prepositions.pdf

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/grammar/prepositions/prep001-prepositions.pdf

and then ....... as many of the links to Grammar and Vocabulary exercises on the left and right of this page as you want to do:

https://www.english-practice.at/b2/vocabulary/b2-vocabulary-index.htm

This is also huge because there are pages inside pages!

Check also: https://www.english-practice.at/index.htm

in case you missed something

C1 level

https://agendaweb.org/vocabulary/tests-advanced-vocabulary3.html

https://www.examenglish.com/CEFR/C1.htm

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/advanced.php

https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams-and-tests/advanced/preparation/

https://www.flo-joe.co.uk/cae/students/tests/

https://www.englishrevealed.co.uk/cae.php

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/advanced-c1-listening

 

Grammar - Inversion for emphasis or formality

Explanation

Read parts 1, 2 and 4 here carefully:

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/inversion.html

and then

https://www.clarkandmiller.com/inverted-conditionals-have-you-mastered-this-advanced-english-trick/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgNSRr9-Fbo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8zQaJZEfz0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmQH6B9P8r8

https://www.hornerschool.com/inversion-negative-adverbials/

Exercises

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/inversion-exercise-1.html

http://random-idea-english.blogspot.com/2011/05/negative-inversion-practice-exercises.html

https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-88760.php

https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-116807.php

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/inversion-negative-adverbials/

https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-89063.php

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/inversion-negative-adverbials/

https://www.luizotaviobarros.com/negative-inversion-examples/