venerdì 28 ottobre 2022

Writing an introduction

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-an-introduction/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI1v376uGE-wIVSeh3Ch09wQTlEAAYASAAEgKIrvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/introduction/

https://essaypro.com/blog/essay-introduction


Ukrainian refugees

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1312584/ukrainian-refugees-by-country/

https://www.statista.com/chart/28579/number-of-ukrainians-returning-home/

What is or should be the role of youth in international affairs? In what ways are the interests of the younger generation different from or the same as those of older generations?

Some of the challenges regarding young Italians

https://alleyoop.ilsole24ore.com/2022/06/09/preoccupazioni-giovani/?refresh_ce=1

https://formiche.net/2022/03/giovani-italiani-mastrapasqua/

https://www.oasiscenter.eu/it/rapporto-giovani-2022-il-futuro-comincia-ora-istituto-toniolo

https://www.linkiesta.it/2018/03/perche-solo-in-italia-e-un-problema-essere-giovani-nellera-dei-giovani/

Talk to an Italian UN Youth Delegate about his/her experience and look at:

https://www.sioi.org/attivita/eventi-speciali/unydp/whatisunydp/

https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-participation.pdf

https://www.onuitalia.com/2020/12/14/italys-youth-delegates-how-we-changed-the-covid-challenge-into-an-opportunity/

https://press.un.org/en/2022/gashc4343.doc.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1A8au53W5Dg

https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/422/54/PDF/N1942254.pdf?OpenElement

https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/ecosoc-youth-forum

https://www.instagram.com/unyd_italy/

https://www.facebook.com/UNYouthDelegateItaly/

https://www.sioi.org/attivita/focus-on/unydp-2/

https://twitter.com/unyditaly

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4Faz7CNT8k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwT1QrWaj60

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJWx2pXcgPQ

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/youth-delegate-programme.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoxprhVAZKM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbShXrsFmOA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4Faz7CNT8k

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/issue-briefs.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/faq.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-youth-report.html

http://www.unworldyouthreport.org/

Here are some links and notes to get you started on research for an essay. First examine some current and recent events connected with youth, e.g. in Hong Kong, Ecuador, Lebanon, Iraq, Chile, Iran and Afghanistan.

Then have a look at the activities, initiatives and positions or statements by international relations organizations, governments and public figures, e.g. Greta Thunberg's impassioned speeches at the United Nations Climate Action Summit on 23 September 2019

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAJsdgTPJpU

at the Youth4Climate Pre-COP26 on 29 set 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiwRQnNlNGU

and during the COP26 in November2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0FzWOBY-Yc

or Boyan Slat (see the links at the end of this post), or this

https://ec.europa.eu/youth/policy/youth-strategy_en

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/servizi/italiani/opportunita/nelle_oo_ii/pergiovani/jpo.html

or https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/sanremo-giovani-world-tour

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/iyd2020.html

https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/news/2020/05/covid-19/

https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2020/03/5-things-young-people-can-do-against-coronavirus/

https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/youth-employment/publications/WCMS_753026/lang--en/index.htm

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/3-ways-covid-19-has-changed-youth-activism/

https://vancouversun.com/news/covid-19-may-have-halted-massive-protests-but-youth-are-taking-their-fight-for-the-future-to-the-courts

https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210121-covid-19-restrictions-to-remain-in-place-macron-warns-protesting-students

https://www.voanews.com/student-union/students-italy-protest-schools-reopen

http://www.consulentidellavoro.it/home/storico-articoli/12906-giovani-a-rischio-espulsione-dal-mercato-del-lavoro

https://www.open.online/2021/01/06/coronavirus-recovery-fund-protesta-social-investimenti-giovani-next-generation-eu/ù

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/neets

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/youth

The definition of 'youth' according to the UN is roughly 15-24 years old.

https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/youth

https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf

Think about a possible line of argument. For, example, mine would be that:

youth has long been a victim in national and international affairs, but it must now become, or perhaps I should say again become, a committed protagonist, a real actor in the promotion of multilateral strategies to deal with the challenges that youth faces across the globe and that it will inherit from today's older generations and have to face in the future (e.g. climate change) but perhaps this has always been the role every younger generation.

As victims and in terms of rights the definition of youth must often be broadened to include children as they are the youth and adults of tomorrow.

   Youth as victims – in the developing world /living conditions, clean water, food, shelter, sanitation, health care / starvation / malnutrition / poverty rates / disease e,g. HIV-AIDS /the lack of medical care and its effects on long-term health / unemployment rates (e.g. North Africa) / child marriage / boy soldiers / female education rates, discrimination, lack of equal employment opportunities, inequality / exploitation of child and young workers / sexual exploitation / climate change, population growth, desertification, political instability leading to migration / human trafficking and migrant smuggling, refugees / labour exploitation of migrants in developed or more developed countries of arrival.

     In the developed world – unemployment / underemployment, labour exploitation, poor contracts or unregistered black-market labour / migration of graduates and other young people / voting in frustration for non-traditional parties and for radical alternatives.

     For a developing or developed country, youth should be a 'smart' investment for governments as they have long working lives ahead of them, flexibility, IT skills and the ability to learn new things.

    On their part, young people need to organize, to form an effective and vocal lobby, to become active in national politics and international relations, to become proactive and try to influence and, if possible, to set the international agenda.

Possible examples: Malala Yousafzai, young people in Hong Kong, the Y20 summit

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/youth/

http://www.agenziagiovani.it/

They should press for (well, you choose, but possibly):

a) a global response to global warming and climate change

b) economic and political inclusion for youth, particularly women

c) greater turn-out and youth participation in elections, as voters but also as candidates

d) more opportunities for youth like the Erasmus programme and programmes for youth in difficulty

c) greater responsibility from governments and the international community regarding challenges affecting children and youth such as exploitation or mistreatment

d) better prevention of nuclear proliferation

e) a lowering of the voting age?!?

f) prioritizing education and learning skills – including IT and soft skills

g) better job prospects, job security and working conditions for young people

h) internet, social media and ensuring privacy and respect

 

There are some signs of hope – support for Greta Thunberg's School Strike for Climate movement, youth climate demonstrations, the UN Youth delegates, Malala Yousafzai and her campaign for civil rights and the right to education, role of youth in demonstrations in Hong Kong and Tunisia

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/09/partecipazione-italiana-al-united.html  https://www.facebook.com/UNYouthDelegateItaly/

In the West the younger and older generation may not be so different. Today's older generation were once the younger generation and protested against the war in Vietnam, against dictatorship in Chile and Argentina, against the oppressive Soviet system in Eastern Europe (and celebrated its fall in 1989) against China's repression of protests in Tiananmen square and against the Iraq war and in favour of the Arab Spring. They campaigned for jobs, minority rights and social justice and founded the Green Party and ecological movement.

Perhaps the main difference is technology. Young people today can use social media to exchange ideas across borders, organize action and make their situation, views and action known to the world. They can put their case to the global community, Hong Kong, Iraq, Lebanon, Chile. Global warming will affect them more than the older generation but that is mainly a question of life expectancy. The older generation needs to respond to the situation and integrate the younger generation into the consultation and decision-making process, to empower youth. Give an example of where this is, or is not, happening, like https://www.yepp.it/

 In conclusion, perhaps we should not focus too much on the West but should look at the role of youth in the developing world where global warming may not be the priority. Physical and economic survival, escaping from poverty, violence, exploitation and human rights abuses, the fight against unemployment and income inequality may be their priorities. Many young people remain the victims and hostages of our global society and are hardly in a position to voice their grievances except through street protests.



Boyan Slat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyan_Slat
https://www.readersdigest.ca/culture/european-year-boyan-slatan-wants-clean-oceans/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROW9F-c0kIQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBaTeXZNk9c

https://www.greenme.it/informarsi/ambiente/ocean-cleanup-funziona/

https://www.cleanocean.org/news/who-is-boyan-slat#

https://theoceancleanup.com/

https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-plan-to-address-the-main-source-of-ocean-plastic-pollution-rivers/

https://www.corriere.it/esteri/18_giugno_14/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-pulizia-oceano-d294d190-6f46-11e8-a02e-ff9bef420dad.shtml?refresh_ce-cp

 

Youth and the Covid-19 pandemic

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_753057.pdf

https://www.coe.int/en/web/youth/-/youth-and-covid-19-survey-report

https://rm.coe.int/youth-and-covid-19-survey-report-english/16809feb26

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/neets

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/topic/youth

http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9531en/ and the links it includes

https://www.unicef.org/media/66761/file/Practical-Tips-on-Engaging-Adolescents-and-Youth-in-the-COVID-19-Response-2020.pdf

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_771428.pdf

You should have a look on Google at: Emma González, Gitanjali Rao, Sophie Cruz and also at https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/the-top-10-young-leaders-of-europe-poised-to-transform-the-world/

And at the death of Mahsa Amini in Iran and other young female protesters

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/oct/07/another-teenage-girl-dead-at-hands-of-irans-security-forces-reports-claim

 

 

lunedì 24 ottobre 2022

International relations and space (the final frontier!)

 General material

https://www.chinausfocus.com/society-culture/there-is-still-room-for-cooperation-in-space

https://www.esa.int/

On the first 2 links below, right click on the text (not on an image) to be able to change the language (click on 'traduci'). Then you can save it in both Italian and English to do translation. Check all the pages that open on the left.

https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ECSL_-_European_Centre_for_Space_Law/Space_law_questions

https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ECSL_-_European_Centre_for_Space_Law/Space_Law_Questions_Answers_by_Mr._G._Lafferranderie

https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Agenzia_Spaziale_Italiana_ASI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaTZjmxbVA8

https://www.ispionline.it/it/tag/space

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/new-space-economy-business-rampa-di-lancio-36269

https://www.spf.org/iina/en/articles/nagashima_02.html

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/cooperation/index.html

https://www.space.com/32286-space-calendar.html

https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-launch-calendar-2021

https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1118202 (a good starting point?)

and then

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/strategy-eu-and-italy-space-28632

https://www.euspa.europa.eu/newsroom/news/eu-space-key-robust-sustainable-growth

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2020/653620/EXPO_IDA(2020)653620_EN.pdf

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/698926/EPRS_BRI(2022)698926_EN.pdf

https://www.euspa.europa.eu/newsroom/news/celebrating-europes-biggest-achievements-including-eu-space-programme

https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/space-and-defence-protecting-europe-and-strengthening-our-capacity-act_en

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-space-programme/#

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/it/policies/eu-space-programme/

https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html

https://www.asi.it/2020/10/artemis-siglato-il-primo-accordo-multilaterale-di-cooperazione-internazionale/#:~:text=Gli%20Artemis%20Accords%20mettono%20in,pacifico%20dello%20spazio%20extra%2Datmosferico.

http://www.esa.int/Space_in_Member_States/Italy

https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Plans_for_the_future

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2020.00001/full

https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/the-20-most-frequently-asked-questions-about-the-international-space-station

https://www.unoosa.org/

https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/space-technology-and-implementation-2030-agenda

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_18_4023

https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-exploration-and-innovation.html

https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/index.html

https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/CSTD2019-2020_Issues02_Space_en.pdf

https://unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/shared-risks-an-examination-of-universal-space-security-challenges-en-775.pdf

https://www.nseexpoforum.com/

https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=7750

https://www.sdo.esoc.esa.int/environment_report/Space_Environment_Report_latest.pdf

https://www.dia.mil/News-Features/Articles/Article-View/Article/1754150/defense-intelligence-agency-releases-report-on-challenges-to-us-security-in-spa/

https://aerospace.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/Gleason-Hays_SpaceWeapons_20201006_0.pdf

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53518238

https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/27/defining-what-a-space-weapon-is-and-who-has-them/

https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Harrison_SpaceThreatAssessment20_WEB_FINAL-min.pdf

https://www.pandorarivista.it/articoli/cosmo-politica-l-italia-nello-spazio-westfaliano-intervista-a-marcello-spagnulo/

https://www.nasa.gov/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_programs_of_the_United_States

https://www.dw.com/en/nasa-un-agree-to-expand-international-cooperation-on-space-exploration/a-55980194

https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/

https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2020/05/coronavirus-not-slowing-russian-chinese-space-activities-us-general-says/165349/

http://en.roscosmos.ru/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program

https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/russia-planning-go-it-alone-unveils-model-new-space-station-2022-08-15/

https://phys.org/news/2022-10-russia-space-agency-iss.html

http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_space_program

https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/chinas-space-program-suggests-decoupling-wont-work-like-the-us-hopes/

https://global.jaxa.jp/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_space_program

https://www.researchitaly.it/en/tagNRP/Aerospace/

https://www.rmg.co.uk/search?search-term=space

https://www.space.com/

 https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-space-agency

https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/United_Kingdom_Space_Agency_UK_Space_Agency

Italy, the EU and space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency

https://www.asi.it/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/strategy-eu-and-italy-space-28632

https://spacenews.com/nasa-signs-agreement-with-italy-to-cooperate-on-artemis/

https://formiche.net/2020/09/italy-has-chosen-its-space-ally-and-its-not-china/

http://spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=56336

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Italy_supports_European_ambitions_for_International_Space_Station

https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/new-space-economy-opportunity-italy

Space, international relations and economics

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/meta-geopolitics-outer-space-national-power-and-global-politics-23303

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/future-meta-geopolitical-competition-outer-space-23531

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/race-space-leveraging-geopolitical-and-economic-potential-28618

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/evolution-space-economy-role-private-sector-and-challenges-europe-28604

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/chinese-views-space-strategic-environment-28609

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/space-sector-current-trends-and-future-evolutions-28602

Space law

https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/navigating-space-law-regulations-and-legal-principles-cosmos-28605

http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ECSL_-_European_Centre_for_Space_Law/About_space_law

https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html

https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/stspace/stspace61rev_2_0_html/V1605998-ENGLISH.pdf

https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatystatus/TreatiesStatus-2020E.pdf

https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/status/index.html

EU, citizens’ rights (also EU development cooperation and aid) and human rights values and practice

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights_en plus the related pages, for example:

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/your-rights-eu_en

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/your-rights-eu/know-your-rights/citizens-rights_en

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/human-rights-non-eu-countries_en

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/human-rights-non-eu-countries/recipients-and-results-eu-aid_en

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/human-rights-non-eu-countries/how-we-provide-aid_en

https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection_en

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/funding_en

https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/human-rights-non-eu-countries/ensuring-aid-effectiveness_en

You don’t have to agree with what follows – only to be aware of the issues raised

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/european-union

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT

https://esthinktank.com/2022/01/21/the-european-union-as-perpetrator-allowing-human-rights-violations-on-its-soil/

https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu_en

https://rm.coe.int/the-human-rights-of-roma-and-travellers-in-europe/168079b434

https://humanityinaction.org/knowledge_detail/the-state-of-roma-integration-in-europe-a-look-into-human-rights-violations-rejection-and-new-initiatives/

file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/II.1.B_ALLEGATO_2.pdf

https://ecre.org/balkan-route-new-violent-tactics-of-pushbacks-across-the-region-cjeu-finds-hungary-in-violation-of-eu-law-frontex-to-operate-in-north-macedonia-despite-allegations-of-complicity-in-pushbacks/

https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/02/10/our-european-way-of-life-challenges-to-human-rights-and-justice-in-the-eus-migration-policy/

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/italy

https://reliefweb.int/report/italy/italy-halt-abusive-migration-cooperation-libya

http://www.qil-qdi.org/is-italy-internationally-responsible-for-the-gross-human-rights-violations-against-migrants-in-libya/

https://www.iusinitinere.it/critiche-onu-alle-politiche-migratorie-italiane-20619

https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/06/11/migranti-italia-risponde-allonu-critiche-inadeguate-ong-favoriscono-trafficanti/5248823/

https://economiacircolare.com/il-relatore-onu-sui-diritti-umani-bacchetta-litalia-il-pnrr-dimentica-la-prevenzione-dei-rifiuti/