Current 2023
https://www.internazionale.it/ultime-notizie/2023/10/04/riforma-migranti-unione-europea
https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5205
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/what-lies-behind-italys-immigration-crisis-2023-09-13/
https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2023/09/20/migranti-italia-rimpatri-espulsioni#00
https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-s-press-conference-nato-summit-vilnius/23142
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_23_4502
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/18/italy-set-to-pass-stricter-measures-on-migrant-arrivals
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/3/italy-detains-two-ngo-vessels-for-defying-new-rescue-law
Nel 2022 ‘per quanto riguarda il sistema d'asilo italiano, le
domande esaminate sono state 52.625: il 53% i dinieghi (27.385), il 12% i riconoscimenti
dello status di rifugiato (6.161), il 13% i beneficiari di protezione
sussidiaria (6.770), il 21% i beneficiari di protezione speciale
(10.865).’
protezione sussidiaria: ‘I titolari di
protezione sussidiaria sono le persone
che, pur non essendo rifugiate, corrono effettivamente il rischio di subire nel
Paese di origine un grave danno (condanna
a morte, tortura, trattamento inumano o degradante, pericolo di morte a causa
di un conflitto armato).’
From:
https://www.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/la_guida_in_italiano.pdf
Il permesso per protezione
speciale dopo il decreto-legge 20/2023: https://www.uil.it/immigrazione/NewsSX.asp?ID_News=15800
https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/Pages/2023/03/04/pr230333en.aspx
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/16/tunisia-and-eu-finalise-deal-on-migration
Ukrainian Refugees
https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/ukraine-refugees-eu/
No,
l’Italia non ha accolto mezzo milione di ucraini | Pagella Politica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis
https://www.eurac.edu/en/blogs/mobile-people-and-diverse-societies/i-rifugiati-ucraini-in-italia
https://www.affarinternazionali.it/sondaggio-iai-laps-2022-migrazioni/
Italy
in support of Ukraine – Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione
Internazionale
A
European overview – look at all the sections of the first document:
What is the situation in September 2023 in the Mediterranean, the
Balkans and southern Europe? Do some research!
Lavoro,
ecco il nuovo decreto flussi: previsti 452mila ingressi dal 2023 al 2025 - Il
Sole 24 ORE
https://migration.iom.int/europe/arrivals
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/what-lies-behind-italys-immigration-crisis-2023-09-13/
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-libya-relations_en
The first links below may be a good place to start:
Migranti
e migrazioni in Italia: la dashboard con tutti i numeri | ISPI (ispionline.it)
https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/ispitel-fact-checking-migrazioni-2021-31027
Crisis
to watch 2023: Migrazioni | ISPI (ispionline.it)
These
links tell you about those already
here: https://www.piuculture.it/2020/05/chi-sono-e-quanti-sono-gli-immigrati-irregolari-dati/
Vero:
in Italia si stimano oltre 500 mila immigrati irregolari | Pagella Politica
Difficulty in effectively reforming the Dublin Regulation
and tensions between the Italian
government and its EU partners and within Italy
Lots
of background
https://noi-italia.istat.it/pagina.php?id=3&categoria=4&action=show&L=0
centri per l’immigrazione: https://www.interno.gov.it/it/temi/immigrazione-e-asilo/sistema-accoglienza-sul-territorio/centri-limmigrazione
https://frontex.europa.eu/along-eu-borders/migratory-map/
https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/migrazioni-nel-mediterraneo-tutti-i-numeri-24892
https://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/italy
https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/AIDA-IT_2022-Update.pdf
https://migrationdataportal.org/regional-data-overview/europe
https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/italy/overview-main-changes-previous-report-update/
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/italy
https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/italy
https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/italy-human-rights-court-rules-against-hotspot-detention
https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/14-february-2023-libya
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/14/5-facts-about-unauthorized-immigration-in-europe/
https://www.piuculture.it/2020/05/chi-sono-e-quanti-sono-gli-immigrati-irregolari-dati/
https://www.pewresearch.org/2019/11/15/video-estimating-europes-unauthorized-immigrant-population/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/13/4m-unauthorised-immigrants-in-europe-in-2017-study
https://migrationdataportal.org/regional-data-overview/europe
https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/migrazioni-italia-tutti-i-numeri-24893
https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-eu-migration-pact-has-already-failed/a-55059684
http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria
Syrian migrants in neighbouring countries
EU and North African
countries: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/29/eu-seeks-migration-cooperation-agreements-with-north-african-countries_6039105_4.html
Africa: https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/eu-africa-migration/
https://www.agi.it/estero/migranti_irregolari_clandestini_in_europa-6542965/news/2019-11-15/
https://www.piuculture.it/2020/05/chi-sono-e-quanti-sono-gli-immigrati-irregolari-dati/
https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/10/28/news/gli_effetti_del_covid_sui_migranti_-272056301/
https://www.lenius.it/sistema-di-accoglienza-dei-migranti-in-italia/
https://www.lenius.it/immigrati-a-roma/
NGO criticism of Italy-Libya Memorandum of Understanding:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/italy/report-italy/
https://www.amnesty.it/appelli/italia-libia-cancellare-il-memorandum-dintesa/
https://www.amnesty.it/memorandum-intesa-italia-libia-quarto-anniversario/
https://www.hrw.org/it/news/2020/02/12/338789
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/01/italy-reups-funding-force-migrants-back-libya
https://temi.camera.it/leg18/post/cpr.html
https://ilbolive.unipd.it/it/migranti-rimpatriati-italia-2019
The humanitarian crisis is now also in the detention
centres in Libya. And this raises the question of complicity in human rights
violations. Some of the
accusations of human rights violations of refugees and migrants in Libya and
Turkey:
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114842
https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/un-rights-mission-blasts-eu-on-libya-migrant-abuses/
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/21/no-escape-hell/eu-policies-contribute-abuse-migrants-libya
https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2023-06-27/20/
And the longer-term
background:
What happened in the crisis years and
later developments
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911 A summary
of the 2015 situation. The scale of the phenomenon with estimated number of
illegal immigrants coming into the EU in the years before. More than a million
illegal migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015, sparking a crisis as
countries struggled to cope with the influx, and creating division in the EU
over how best to deal with resettling people. The symbolic milestone was passed on 21 December 2015, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM)
said, with the total for land and sea reaching more than 1,006,000. The figure
covers entries via six European Union nations - Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain,
Malta and Cyprus.
This compared
with 72,437 illegal immigrants to the EU in 2012, 107,365 in 2013 and 283,532
In 2014. However, 1,000,000 still represents only 0.2% of the EU’s population
of 500 million.
The EU
response
According to
Frontex this figure fell in 2016 to 503,700 detections of illegal border
crossings. This was mainly due to the EU/Turkey agreement, which came into
effect in March 2016 and led to tighter border control by the Turkish
authorities and readmission of migrants from the Greek islands to Turkey.
The drop was
also influenced by tighter border controls in the Western Balkans.However, the
number of detections on the Central Mediterranean route (towards Italy) rose by
nearly one-fifth to 181, 000, the highest number ever recorded. This reflects a
steadily increasing migratory pressure from the African continent, particularly
West Africa, which accounted for most of the growth in 2016.
http://frontex.europa.eu/news/fewer-migrants-at-eu-borders-in-2016-HWnC1J
The overall
situation in 2017 showed a further drop in numbers, but arrivals by boat in Italy accounted for most of the figure:
119,310 in total, down by a third compared to the previous year, the Italian
Interior Ministry said on Dec 31.
EU document
on illegal migrants arriving in Italy up to July 2017:
https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-cant-solve-italy-migration-crisis-refugees-mediterranean-sea/
The Italian
response and Italy-Libya Memorandum of Understanding
The Italian
Strategy in the Med - 2017
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/11/rapporto-med-maeci-2017-eng.pdf
and in 2018, the numbers remained low
https://reliefweb.int/topics/refugeesmigrants-emergency-europe
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/08/surging-death-toll-in-central-med/
https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
https://frontex.europa.eu/along-eu-borders/migratory-map/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/01/italy-vows-to-send-home-undocumented-immigrants
https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/09/10/news/onu_razzismo_italia-206054277/
https://www.repubblica.it/solidarieta/immigrazione/2018/07/31/news/migrazioni-203075373
https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/12448/italy-illegal-migrants
2019
https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/frontex-italia-sbarchi-migranti-minimi-2012-ABDpFIWB
https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1105644.pdf?_1566573996938
So the
migration challenge for the EU and Italian policy in 2017-21
In brief,
there was a significant rise in migration towards the EU increasing
dramatically in 2014-17. Then the numbers fell. The question was: Was this
influx temporary, the result of turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa or
something more fundamental relating to economic migration from poor and often
war-torn countries in Africa hit by climate change, where most of the migrants
now come from? The numbers remained low during the Covid-19 pandemic but rose
in 2022 and in 2023 are rising rapidly,
suggesting that high levels of migration across the Mediterranean are becoming
a permanent feature.
Legal
Immigration to the EU - Of course
we should remember that illegal immigration happens within a wider context of
legal immigration and both are important in examining popular reaction inside
EU member states.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230505-2
At the same
time, internal EU migration from poorer (e.g. Romania) to richer countries, has
already produced some serious frictions that may add to tensions between
migrants of all kinds and native residents. Xenophobic reactions take various
forms. There are accusation that foreigners steal local jobs at a time of
recession and obtain welfare payments that they have not contributed to in
taxes. Statistically, this seems largely a false impression as foreigners often
do jobs that the local population does not want to do and often fail to claim
welfare benefits to which they are entitled. However, these concerns about
internal EU migration could be dwarfed by non-EU immigration in terms of scale,
duration and the social tensions produced if numbers rose dramatically because
of a worsening political situation or as a result of climate change.
Another
concern is migrant-related crime:
https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/51931/germany-crime-statistics-and-migration
What
problems is the EU facing as a result of illegal migration?
The
humanitarian crisis – dealing with the situation and scale of the numbers
of migrants who are trying to get here. Human smuggling (and trafficking),
massive human rights violation and the responsibility to respond to this
crisis. Deaths at sea and human rights violations in detention centres in Libya
and, to some extend, in Turkey. Beyond this there is the challenge of dealing
with migrant trafficking across Africa, through the Sahel and inside Libya.
Structures - The rising numbers were often
said to be beyond the capacity and funding of existing infrastructure (e.g.
reception centres) and personnel (e.g. coast guard, police, frontier and
migration authorities, interviewers interpreters etc…) and the procedures to
deal with the migrants (identification, interviewing, temporary accommodation,
repatriation if not accepted and more permanent relocation, accommodation and
integration if accepted).
Tensions
between EU member states - Migrants coming into the EU often cross internal
EU borders to move to their preferred destination (often in Northern Europe).
This creates tensions between EU member states and has led to growing
restrictions by states on free movement within the EU and thus an erosion
of the Schengen rules.
Countries
on front-line EU external borders (although obviously in a certain sense all
countries with ports airports and container ports are on the front line.)
e.g. Italy, Greece, Spain, Malta, Romania, Bulgaria etc.. have been criticized for not securing
their borders by providing effective controls against illegal immigration. This
criticism has come from destination countries like Germany, the UK, France, and
Scandinavia. These countries, in their turn, are criticized by the countries on
the exposed external EU borders for failing to provide adequate economic and
material assistance to their partners to help them deal with the problem. For
example, Operazione Mare Nostrum in 2013-14, financed at significant expense (9
million euros a month for 12 months) and almost exclusively by Italy, was
relatively successful compared with the EU Operation Triton (originally called Frontex Plus) and at first
financed at only 3 million euros a month (although it later received €120
million for 2015-2016). Operation Triton was replaced by Operation Themis in
February 2018. Mare Nostrum operated also in international
waters, Triton‘s mission only covered border control and activity within 30
miles off the Italian coast. However, the European Union
Naval Force Mediterranean also known as Operation Sophia made the
situation more manageable in international waters. Operation Sophia was replaced by Operation
Irini in March 2020.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-migration-policy/saving-lives-sea/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Navfor_Med
https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/eunavfor_med/Pagine/default.aspx
http://eeas.europa.eu/csdp/missions-and-operations/eunavfor-med/index_en.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Navfor_Med
http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc12072.doc.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sophia
https://www.operationsophia.eu/
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Themis
However,
real doubts and criticisms about the effectiveness of these operations remain. Instead of deterring migration,
critics say they simply confine it to Libya and other parts of North Africa, creating
a growing humanitarian crisis in the detention centres. While the search and
rescue activities have saved lives, does its destruction of boats lead
smugglers to put migrants into even less seaworthy vessels?
The
Dublin III Regulation – This still gives primary responsibility for
processing asylum applications to the country of arrival. Italy and other
front-line countries have called for a revision of the Regulation and asked
other EU member states to open their ports to migrants. See the links above.
Public
opinion in many EU countries – In 2014-15 there was initially a wave of
real sympathy for the plight of the migrants on their journey, outrage at their
inhuman exploitation by traffickers and smugglers and horror at their sometimes
gruesome fate. This was expressed in the generous reaction of governments, NGOs
and the public.
At the same
time there was growing concern among EU citizens about the rise in immigrant
numbers, increasing opposition to this process, fears about cultural clashes,
growing numbers of acts of violence against immigrants and refugee centers and
a significant rise in support for xenophobic, or at least more nationalist,
political parties. This played an important part in the elections in Italy in
March 2018.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33700624
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43291390
and
now in 2023: https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-struggles-to-contain-migration-influx/
Criticism of
the EU itself – The EU is often blamed and held responsible for the rise in migrant
numbers. Nationalist calls for or threats of withdrawal from the EU have also
increased, though it is hard to see how leaving the EU would benefit a country
in terms of dealing with illegal non-EU immigration as Brexit has demonstrated..
In
the Brexit vote a poll of 12,369 voters after the referendum found that one third
of Leave voters chose to back Brexit as they saw it "offered the best
chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders."
This was the second biggest motivation for Leave voters, just behind “the
principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK”.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/29/did-britain-really-vote-brexit-to-cut-immigration/
In October 2016 Hungary held a referendum on whether to comply with the European Union quota system aimed at
solving the migrant crisis, setting the stage for a fresh fight over
power-sharing in the 28-nation bloc. Hungarians voted to reject the European
Union refugee resettlement plan, but failed to turn out in sufficient numbers
to make the referendum legally binding. The Hungarian referendum worried some
in Brussels, who fear that a series of national votes
on specific issues could unfasten key components of EU policy and rules. Senior
EU officials have worried that further referendums, above all on a country’s EU
membership, could lead to an eventual unravelling of the bloc. There are fears
that a failure to agree an effective resettlement scheme could weaken EU unity,
cooperation and effectiveness. Some countries in Eastern Europe (the Visegrad
group) continue to support membership of the EU but seem determined to oppose
any automatic EU redistribution quota system for migrants or other openings of
this type from within the EU.
Terrorism - With the
terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13th 2015 (and further
attacks through 2016 and 2017), there was growing public concern that Arab
terrorists may manage to get into Europe by pretending to be refugees. There is
also concern about border security regarding European citizens who sympathized
with ISIS and went to Syria possibly to train and try to return to Europe to
carry out an attack.
g) The
reaction of the EU is often criticized as slow and lacking coordination while
EU member states are criticized as too preoccupied with their own national
interests. The atmosphere at the EU talks to agree and introduce the quota
system among members to deal with the ongoing crisis was an example of these
problems.
For the plan
and reactions see: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34193568
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-eu-idUSKCN0RM10A20150922
https://www.yahoo.com/news/migrants-inundate-eu-crisis-hotspot-croatia-030939642.html
http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-juncker-idUKKCN0QT0O720150824
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/22/us-europe-migrants-eu-idUSKCN0RM10A20150922
The debate
at the start of 2016 about whether or not to suspend the Schengen agreement for
2 years was also an indication of the strong feelings involved, as was
Austria's decision to temporarily suspend it in January 2016. This also happened
in several EU Schengen area member states (France, Germany, Austria, Denmark,
Sweden, Spain and Norway):
http://www.politico.eu/article/austria-suspends-schengen-border-checks-eu-migrants/
h) The EU-
Turkey deal on refugees and migrants in 2016 vastly reduced migration pressure
through the Balkans and into Greece but increased pressure on Italy. Moreover,
there are also criticisms from human rights groups about conditions for
migrants in both Greek and Turkish camps and EU complicity in this situation
and fears that Turkey may use the agreement to put pressure on the EU regarding
other questions (for example, any action in response to political repression in
Turkey itself).
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/eu-turkey-deal-five-years-on
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2021/07/cespi-_the_refugee_issue_in_turkeys_relations.pdf
What are the
problems for the future?
a) Beyond
the continuing human rights crisis there is the question of whether the scale
of the phenomenon is no longer temporary, e.g. due to refugees from the civil
war in Syria and the situation in Libya, or part of a growing trend towards
movement from non-EU states to the EU based on hopes for greater economic
well-being and more security and freedom (e.g. from Africa and even Bangladesh).
https://www.icmpd.org/file/download/58952/file/ICMPD_Migration_Outlook_2023.pdf
b) The need
to quickly and effectively integrate into society those migrants who are
allowed to stay. Many experts argue that many states in the EU with aging
populations need migrants as a young and flexible workforce. Others point to
the failures in previous integration policies.
Action
plan on the integration and inclusion (europa.eu)
https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/country-governance/governance-migrant-integration-italy_en
c) There is
a need to support efforts for pacification and peace-building in the war-torn
areas from which the refugees are fleeing. Current efforts (see below) to form
a single effective government in Libya and enforce the rule of law by reaching
an agreement between all legitimate groups are crucial in any attempt to limit
the spread of ISIS and deal with the humanitarian and refugee crisis in Libya
at its source.
https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15392.doc.htm
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139967
d) There is
also a need to provide more funds to UN agencies and NGOs in countries in North
Africa, Syria’s neighbors, Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey and counties in Africa
which are trying to deal with the enormous refugee problem.
https://www.fao.org/neareast/news/view/en/c/1310705/
https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-03/EUTF_libya_en.pdf
https://trust-fund-for-africa.europa.eu/index_en
https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/africa-eu-partnership_en
e) Whatever
public resentment there may be in Italy about perceived threats to jobs, at a
time of low economic growth (but falling unemployment), and perceived threats
to the nation’s ‘culture’, immigrant numbers remain a limited proportion of the
population. It is only in certain areas with sudden, high immigrant
concentrations that a community may feel overwhelmed and this calls, above all,
for better planning and organization in the redistribution of recently arrived
migrants.
f) Although
most of the EU economies are either just coming out of recession or growing
only slowly, the EU’s population generally is aging and young migrants may play
an important and necessary role in the economy in the recovery.
g) The
migrant challenge is unlikely to go away soon. So the EU and national
governments will have to respond to public concerns about immigration while at
the same time honoring their legal and moral obligations to deal with the
question by providing better-coordinated, better-funded plans on a long-term
basis. So far such plans have only been partially successful.
h) How to
deal with asylum seekers who are successful in their application (where should
they reside?) and those who are not (repatriation). Indeed, refoulement now
seems to be one of the main challenges for the current Italian government as it
was for the last.
https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-prime-minister-giorgia-meloni-immigration-crackdown/
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/18/italy-set-to-pass-stricter-measures-on-migrant-arrivals
i) The idea
and effectiveness of using military force against the human traffickers.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-trafficking-in-persons-report/italy
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/eu-extends-mandate-of-military-mission-in-mediterranean/2850811
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-migration-policy/saving-lives-sea/
j) The
question of how to protect the Schengen agreement.
k) the deal with Turkey and questions about
human rights and whether it is legal
https://www.rescue.org/eu/article/what-eu-turkey-deal
and strained
relations with today’s Turkey
https://gppi.net/2023/09/13/lets-venture-a-reset-in-eu-turkey-relations
l)
agreements between Italy, the EU and Libya's fragile government aimed at
containing migration from Libya to Italy and attempts to encourage the
formation of a unity government there.
https://phys.org/news/2023-09-key-libyan-conflict-country-analyst.html
https://www.frstrategie.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/autres/2023/joint_rp_15.pdf
https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/europe-mistakes-libya/
m)
The question of identity – beyond fears about whether migrants from outside
Europe
and even
from some areas of Eastern Europe represent an economic threat to jobs and pay
levels, a burden on welfare systems or pose threats to security in terms of
crime and terrorism, there is the question of whether they are seen as an
existential threat to the Italian and Western European way of life. To what
extent can migrants learn to be Europeans in terms of thinking and identity?
Can Europeans live with multiculturalism?
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1781685820913391
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/embracing-diversity-cultural-mediation-italys-patrizia-pelliccioni
https://eurocities.eu/goals/migration-and-integration/
Human rights of refugees and migrants in Libya
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114842
https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/un-rights-mission-blasts-eu-on-libya-migrant-abuses/
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/21/no-escape-hell/eu-policies-contribute-abuse-migrants-libya
https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2023-06-27/20/
https://www.hrw.org/it/report/2019/01/21/326624
https://www.avvenire.it/attualita/pagine/rinnovato-memorandum-italia-libia
https://sea-watch.org/en/legal-action-against-italy-over-its-coordination-of-libyan-coast-guard/
https://www.avvenire.it/attualita/pagine/onu-avvisa-italia-e-ue-stop-complicita-in-libia
And perhaps simply of general interest?
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/demography-2023
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagrafe_degli_italiani_residenti_all%27estero
