https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/italia-africa-un-ponte-una-crescita-comune/24851
https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/italia-africa-bridge-common-growth/24853
https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-s-press-conference-nato-summit-vilnius/23142
https://www.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ISPI_FPC-Piano-Mattei.pdf
https://ecfr.eu/publication/romes-moment-draghi-multilateralism-and-italys-new-strategy/
https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-visits-albania/25953
https://www.governo.it/en/node/26195
older
https://www.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/PROTOCOLLO-ITALIA-ALBANIA-in-materia-migratoria.pdf
Articolo 11 della
Costituzione Italiana
L'Italia ripudia la guerra come strumento
di offesa alla libertà degli altri popoli e come mezzo di risoluzione delle
controversie internazionali; consente, in condizioni di parità con gli altri
Stati, alle limitazioni di sovranità necessarie ad un ordinamento che assicuri
la pace e la giustizia fra le Nazioni; promuove e favorisce le organizzazioni
internazionali rivolte a tale scopo.
https://www.senato.it/1025?sezione=118&articolo_numero_articolo=11
Article 11 of the Constitution of
Italy says:
Italy rejects war as an instrument of
aggression against the freedom of other peoples and as a means for the
settlement of international disputes. Italy agrees, on conditions of equality
with other States, to the limitations of sovereignty that may be necessary to a
world order ensuring peace and justice among the Nations. Italy promotes and
encourages international organisations having such ends.
http://www.educational.rai.it/materiali/pdf_articoli/22122.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement
Some
general background
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy
The division of Italian
diplomatic history since the foundation of the Republic into 3 main phases.
Italy is considered to
be both a major regional power and a middle power with membership in prominent institutions or groups
such as the UN, the EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, G6, G7, G8, G10, G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM (Asia-Europe
Meeting) and the Uniting for
Consensus group (nicknamed the Coffee Club) at the UN. Italy currently (2019) maintains the world's 12th-largest
nominal defense budget
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures
10th
strongest for firepower
2024 Military
Strength Ranking (globalfirepower.com)
and is a participant
in the NATO nuclear sharing policy. During 2017, Italy was a non-permanent member of
the United Nations Security Council by virtue of its election on 28 June 2016
and in compliance with the Hague Convention providing for the division of the
2017-2018 two-year mandate with Holland.
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/01/italyontheunsecuritycouncil-compressed.pdf
Italy was a founding
member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Italy was
admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter
of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General
Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative. Its recent or upcoming turns in the rotating
presidency of international organizations include the Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe in 2018,
the G7 in 2017 and the from
July to December 2014. Italy is also a recurrent non-permanent member of the EU Council, as mentioned above, most recently in 2017. On 1 January 2019,
Italy took over the rotating Presidency of the Central European Initiative
(CEI).
http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/eu/regional-initiatives/cei
Italy’s role in the world, some examples:
Italy on the UN Security Council in 2017
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/01/italyontheunsecuritycouncil-compressed.pdf
Italy’s Presidency of the G20, 2021, and the G20 ROME
LEADERS’ DECLARATION
COP26
https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/g20-e-cop26-il-ruolo-dellitalia-32349
COP27
Meloni’s speech in Italian: https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/intervento-del-presidente-meloni-al-vertice-dei-capi-di-stato-e-di-governo-cop27/20927
Meloni’s speech in English: https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-s-speech-cop27-world-leaders-summit/20951
COP28 https://asvis.it/editoriali/1288-19130/i-prossimi-passi-per-litalia-dopo-le-decisioni-della-cop-28
Meloni’s speech in Italian: https://www.governo.it/it/articolo/cop28-l-intervento-del-presidente-meloni-alla-sessione-plenaria-high-level-segment-heads
Meloni’s speech in
English: https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-melonis-speech-cop28-high-level-segment-heads-state-and-government/24479
Italy and UN Security Council Reform
https://onuitalia.com/2023/09/05/unsc-reform-italy-in-favor-of-restraining-veto-power/
PM Draghi’s speech at the OECD
Ministerial Council Meeting https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/pm-draghi-s-speech-oecd-ministerial-council-meeting/20038
The Italian Strategy
in the Mediterranean
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/12/rapporto-med-maeci-ita.pdf
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/11/rapporto-med-maeci-2017-eng.pdf
https://www.esteri.it/it/uapsds/collaborazione-maeci-ispi-per-med/
Artificial
Intelligence
https://assets.innovazione.gov.it/1637937177-programma-strategico-iaweb-2.pdf
https://assets.innovazione.gov.it/1637777513-strategic-program-aiweb.pdf
The Regional Plan for the Adriatic-Balkans area
https://www.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Piano-Regione-Adriatico-Balcanica_DEF_ridotto.pdf
The Africa/EU
Partnership
https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/africa-eu-partnership_it?etrans=it
https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/africa-eu-partnership_en
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/54412/final_declaration-en.pdf
The Mattei Plan
https://www.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ISPI_FPC-Piano-Mattei.pdf
https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/meloni-mattei-africa-policy-immigration/
NATO
https://www.comitatoatlantico.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NATOs-Future_fwl.pdf
2024 https://tg24.sky.it/mondo/2024/07/10/news-vertice-nato-washington-diretta-news
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_227678.htm
2023 https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-s-press-conference-nato-summit-vilnius/23142
https://www.med-or.org/news/summit-nato-2023-tra-ucraina-svezia-e-fianco-sud
The traditional idea of
the 3 main circles or spheres in which Italian diplomacy operates and some
general considerations and criticism:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23248823.2018.1544352
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03932729.2016.1108613?src=recsys&journalCode=rspe20
https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/goals-and-shortcomings-italys-peace-operations
Italy strongly
supports multilateral international policies, endorsing the United Nations and
its international security activities
https://thenewglobalorder.com/report/report-the-italian-participation-in-peacekeeping-operations/
https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/italian-peacekeeping-missions-vast-praised-and-underused
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/italy
https://www.today.it/politica/missioni-italia-estero.html
Main current activities,
operations and military commitments, 2024
https://www.analisidifesa.it/2024/04/le-missioni-militari-italiane-allestero-nel-2024/
https://www.esercito.difesa.it/operazioni/operazioni_oltremare
click on
each mission symbol
2023 https://www.analisidifesa.it/2023/05/le-missioni-militari-italiane-nel-2023/
https://www.esercito.difesa.it/operazioni/operazioni_oltremare
https://www.analisidifesa.it/2023/05/le-missioni-militari-italiane-nel-2023/
Italy, the EU, NATO and Ukraine
and EU Defence integration
https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/italy-punches-below-its-weight-european-defence-fund
https://sldinfo.com/2023/08/european-defence-armaments-cooperation-an-august-2023-update/
and missions in the past
recent
https://www.milex.org/2022/07/15/le-missioni-militari-italiane-nel-2022-effettivi-e-costi/
https://www.forzeitaliane.it/Esercito-italiano-al-via-tre-nuove-missioni-estero-ecco-dove
https://www.analisidifesa.it/2022/07/qatar-mozambico-ed-est-europa-le-tre-nuove-missioni-italiane/
2024
https://temi.camera.it/leg19/provvedimento/autorizzazione-e-proroga-delle-missioni-internazionali-nel-2024.html have a quick look at all the sections
How many Italian soldiers were there abroad in 2023?
“Development cooperation is
an important foreign policy tool, also useful to strengthen our presence and
decision-making capacity in international fora,” affirmed Tajani. This is the
reasoning behind the decision on military deployment in 2023, which will see
Italian personnel operating in a total of 43 missions, with an average planned
deployment of around 7,500 soldiers and a maximum authorised contingent of just
under 12,000. The total financial expenditures for this commitment amount to
approximately €1.31 billion.
Recent maps to get an idea of where Italian forces are deployed abroad.
Can anyone find one for 2024 or 2023? If you do, send it to me!
This map is from 04/04/2022: https://www.limesonline.com/cartaceo/chi-ci-comanda-se-litalia-va-in-guerra
Other maps, slightly older
https://www.limesonline.com/cartaceo/boots-on-the-ground-litalia-in-armi-e-dove-serve
https://www.limesonline.com/cartaceo/boots-on-the-ground-litalia-in-armi-e-dove-serve?prv=true
https://www.babilonmagazine.it/missioni-italiane-estero-nato-onu-ue/
(05/02/2020)
https://www.remocontro.it/2020/07/03/missioni-militari-italiane-allestero-in-parlamento-e-linteresse-nazionale/ (map and fairly negative view, July 2020)
http://www.limesonline.com/crisi-libia-haftar-serraj-italia-guerra-missione-militare/112041?prv=true 15/04/2019 map
https://www.limesonline.com/le-missioni-militari-italiane/100866
(August 2017)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces
https://sicurezzainternazionale.luiss.it/2020/01/07/le-missioni-italiane-allestero/
https://formiche.net/2020/06/mediterraneo-mappa-militari/
https://www.lenius.it/missioni-militari-italiane-nel-mondo/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2021/04/15/afghanistan-road-map-for-italy-troop-pullout-di-maio_2ab5c8c2-ffbd-4760-800c-b142e2fa5a3f.html
and Cyber Security
https://www.cybersecurity360.it/news/italia-cybersecurity-220-milioni-2024/
https://www.acn.gov.it/portale/strategia-nazionale-di-cybersicurezza
UN:
Italy’s role in peacekeeping
Italy’s role in UN missions is a significant part of our
country’s foreign outreach and responds to the need to safeguard national
security in the face of transnational threats. Our contribution to the UN
peacekeeping missions is also in keeping with the traditional multilateralism
of our foreign policy and with the conviction that, thanks to its universal
vocation, the United Nations can play an unparalleled role in supporting the
stabilisation of many crisis areas, particularly in the Middle East and Africa.
Italy is the top supplier among Western and EU nations,
in terms of military personnel and highly qualified police forces, to UN
peacekeeping operations. Italy is also the seventh-ranked contributor to the UN
peacekeeping budget. Italy’s participation in UN missions has been widely
appreciated and has become a veritable model, thanks above all to our
contingents’ capacity for dialogue with the local populations and to the
complementarity they have provided between the civilian and military dimensions
in stabilisation and peacekeeping operations.
In accordance with its foreign policy priorities, Italy
plays an especially key role in the UNIFIL mission in Southern Lebanon, with
over 1,000 Italian troops deployed there. Italy also participates in UN
missions in Africa, Asia and Europe.
Italy is also active in the training of the police
personnel destined for peacekeeping missions. Over 10 thousand Police Units
from over 130 countries have been trained at the Centre of Excellence for the
Stability Police Units (CoESPU) in Vicenza since 2006. Training has been
provided in the areas of international human rights, tackling gender-based
violence, the protection of children in conflict situations and restoration of
the rule of law. Italy hosts a United Nations Logistics Base in Brindisi
that provides logistics support to all UN peacekeeping operations in its role
as a “Global Service Centre”, including in information science and
telecommunications. It is also emerging as a centre of excellence and innovation
in managing the environmental impact of UN operations.
Italy and UNIFIL
NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
https://pagineesteri.it/2023/01/10/primo-piano/italia-russia/
The mission to
Afghanistan ended at the end of June 2021, (NATO Resolute Support Mission RSM, 895 personnel)
https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_06/20190625_2019-06-RSM-Placemat.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Missionù
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Police_Mission_in_Afghanistan
https://thegeopolitics.com/why-nato-failed-in-afghanistan/
Italy and Libya
https://www.esercito.difesa.it/operazioni/operazioni_oltremare/pagine/libia-mil.aspx
Operazione Mediterraneo Sicuro
https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/operazione-mediterraneo-sicuro/index.html
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Mediterraneo_Sicuro
See the following on
the Italian armed forces:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces
https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=italy
The Italian approach
to missions is also important:
La partecipazione alle
missioni ONU da parte italiana è particolarmente apprezzata e rappresenta un
vero e proprio modello, soprattutto grazie alla capacità di dialogo dei nostri
contingenti con le popolazioni locali e alla complementarietà dimostrata tra
dimensione civile e militare nelle operazioni di stabilizzazione e mantenimento
della pace.
As we have seen, Italy
has joined in many UN, NATO and EU operations as well as
providing assistance in the Middle East peace process, peacekeeping, and combating
the illegal drugs trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.
Moreover, under
long-standing bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts
important U.S. military forces at Vicenza – home of 173d Airborne Brigade – and Livorno (USA); Aviano(USAF); and Sigonella, Nisida, and Gaeta – home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States
has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. Italy hosts the NATO Defence College at Cecchignola, near Rome.
Source: https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11744334
For more information, go to: http://www.esteri.it/ and then
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/
and then
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/organizzazioni_internazionali/
then the UN
then NATO
then look at the other
organizations listed on the right, the G7, G20, OSCE (Organisation for Security
and Cooperation in Europe) the Council of
Europe and international economic fora and organisations - the OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development, Fondo
Monetario Internazionale, The World Bank (WB),
Club di Parigi,
Banca Europea per la Ricostruzione e lo Sviluppo (BERS)
If you go to the site of the Rappresentanza Permanente d’Italia
all’ONU – New York:
https://italyun.esteri.it/it/
you can choose English
as the operating language to read and make notes on the following:
The General Assembly
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding
The
Ministry odf Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
Some but not all of the following pages are available in English.
Consular Services
https://www.esteri.it/en/servizi-consolari-e-visti/italiani-all-estero/
Politica Estera e Cooperazione allo sviluppo
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/aree_geografiche/
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/politica_europea/
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/organizzazioni_internazionali/
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/temi_globali/
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/cooperaz_sviluppo/
https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/diplomazia-giuridica/
Italian Economic Diplomacy (more and more important
now)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diplomacy
Sistema
Paese - Country Promotion
https://www.esteri.it/it/ministero/struttura/dgpromozionesistemapaese/
look at all the sections on the right
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-economica-e-politica-commerciale/diplomaziaeconomica/
and all the sections on the right
and some background
Expo Milano
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2015
Destinazione Italia
https://www.mimit.gov.it/images/stories/documenti/DESTINAZIONE_ITALIA_version_EN.PDF
Italy and Trade
https://www.infomercatiesteri.it/osservatorio-economico-interscambio-commerciale-italiano-mondo.php#
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_per_valore_delle_esportazioni
but more recently
https://www.soa.it/classifica-export-mondiale/
Cultural
Diplomacy
Definition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cultural_diplomacy
Italian Cultural and Scientific Diplomacy
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/
https://italiana.esteri.it/italiana/en/about-us/activities/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/reteiic/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/universita/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/cooperculturale/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/reteiic/
for current examples, go to:
https://iiclondra.esteri.it/iic_londra/en/
https://iicwashington.esteri.it/iic_washington/en/
https://iicparigi.esteri.it/iic_parigi/it/
https://iicpechino.esteri.it/iic_pechino/it/
https://iictokyo.esteri.it/iic_tokyo/it/
https://iicmosca.esteri.it/iic_mosca/it/
Italian
Scientific Diplomacy
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cooperscientificatecnologica/
More on Italy and 'soft
power'
https://italiana.esteri.it/italiana/eventi/fare-cinema-2023/
https://italiana.esteri.it/italiana/progetti/fare-cinema-2022/
https://www.esteri.it/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/2021/06/rassegna-fare-cinema-2021/
https://italiandesignday-official.it/
https://creativitacontemporanea.cultura.gov.it/italiandesignday-2024/
https://iicseoul.esteri.it/it/gli_eventi/calendario/settimana-della-cucina-italiana_0/
Human Rights and the Protection of Cultural Heritage
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-culture-un-idUSKCN0VP235
https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it
https://ambbaghdad.esteri.it/ambasciata_baghdad/it/ambasciata/news/dall_ambasciata/2018/07/preserving-the-cultural-heritage.html
https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/eu-csdp-missions-and-protection-cultural-heritage
https://www.thelocal.it/20170217/two-cultural-treasures-rescued-from-isis-were-restored-in-italy/
Italy and the EU
The pandemic and the Recovery Fund,
NextGenerationEU
https://ecfr.eu/publication/romes-moment-draghi-multilateralism-and-italys-new-strategy/
https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_crisis_communication_italy_the_coronavirus_and_european_solidari/
https://next-generation-eu.europa.eu/index_en
https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/PNRR.pdf
https://www.italiadomani.gov.it/content/sogei-ng/it/en/home.html
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3126
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_5663
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_4025
https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_crisis_communication_italy_the_coronavirus_and_european_solidari/
Migration
https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230916-eu-scrambles-to-address-italy-island-migrant-surge
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_23_4502
https://www.linkiesta.it/2023/06/riforma-regolamento-dublino-europa/
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_2152
https://www.dw.com/en/italy-rushes-to-relocate-thousands-of-new-lampedusa-arrivals/a-66825666
https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/european-neighbourhood-policy/southern-neighbourhood_en
EU Security and Defence
Cooperation
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/defence-security/
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_dell%27Unione_europea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/missions-and-operations_en
https://decode39.com/7051/italy-germany-eu-defence/
http://documenti.camera.it/leg19/dossier/pdf/ES027.pdf
https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2021/07/22/ce-in-italy-for-high-level-talks
https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai2020.pdf
https://decode39.com/5335/meloni-boost-eu-defence-nato/
https://decode39.com/4753/italy-military-support-to-kyiv/
https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/defence-policy-giorgia-melonis-government
https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/EU%20and%20NATO.pdf
The European battlegroups
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Battlegroup
negotiating with Putin
EU budgetary rules
EU Commission recommendations
https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/COM_2023_612_1_EN.pdf
Italy and
the UN
COP28
https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-cop28-summit/24458
Italy was
elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the period 2019/2021. It
aimed to energize that body.
Italy
on the UN Security Council in 2017
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/01/italyontheunsecuritycouncil-compressed.pdf
Italy's
efforts to ban the death penalty at a global level
Italy and
reform of the UN Security Council
https://decode39.com/5919/italy-plan-un-security-council-reform/
https://italyun.esteri.it/it/litalia-e-le-ooii/ufc/
Italy and NATO
including more on its ‘enhanced forward presence'
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX4a6d3qNbU
https://www.joint-forces.com/features/11889-nato-enhanced-forward-presence
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136233.htm
The Italian forces
https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/Lettonia_Operazione_Enhanced_Forward_Presence_Baltic_Guardian/notizie_teatro/Pagine/elenco.aspx
previously
https://www.babilonmagazine.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Mappa_operazioni_militari_16122016.jpg
2017
http://www.today.it/politica/missioni-italia-estero.html
2018
https://www.lenius.it/missioni-militari-italiane-nel-mondo/
2019
https://www.panorama.it/news/esteri/missioni-estero-soldati-italia-militari-afghanistan/
http://www.esercito.difesa.it/Operazioni/Operazioni_oltremare
https://thegeopolitics.com/why-nato-failed-in-afghanistan/
The Mediterranean and
beyond
https://www.affarinternazionali.it/missioni-internazionali-italiane-non-solo-mediterraneo/
https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/21/italys-mediterranean-belt-and-road/
https://documenti.camera.it/Leg18/Dossier/Pdf/DI0317.Pdf
previously
http://documenti.camera.it/leg18/dossier/pdf/DI0149.pdf
https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/12/med-maeci-eng.pdf
https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1161188.pdf?_1560509858868
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Mare_Sicuro
Some further Background Information
The Italian Armed Forces
https://www.forzeitaliane.it/forze-armate
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_italiane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces
Esercito: 94.026
Marina Militare: 30.427
Aeronautica Militare: 41.105
Arma dei Carabinieri: 109.576
Totale: 340.147 unità
L’Arma
dei Carabinieri, come anticipato, svolge sia la funzione di forza
armata (per cui dipende dalla Difesa), sia di pubblica sicurezza (per cui
dipende dal Ministero dell’Interno).
L’Esercito Italiano (8%
donne) si occupa principalmente della difesa della sicurezza nazionale nel
nostro territorio, ma anche di varie missioni a livello internazionale..
L’obiettivo è di punare ad una maggiore specializzazione.
L’Aeronautica Militare si
occupa di assicurare la difesa dello spazio aereo nazionale e condurre
operazioni aeree di attacco, ricerca o soccorso; inoltre, concorre a studi,
ricerche e sperimentazioni nel campo aerospaziale e meteorologico e svolge
attività informativa nei campi pertinenti. La Marina Militare si
occupa principalmente di presidiare l’area mediterranea nel controllo dei mari
italiani con dispositivi aeronavali e relativo supporto terrestre. Garantisce
la sicurezza dei traffici marittimi, studia e tutela la biodiversità marina.
Il Bilancio del Ministero della Difesa e la Funzione Difesa
Per ciò che riguarda il Bilancio del Ministero della Difesa nel suo complesso, la dotazione finanziaria per il 2023 era pari a 27.748,5 milioni di euro; con un aumento di 1.792,4 milioni rispetto ai 25.956,1 del 2022.
And for 2024 - 29.184,2 milioni di euro
https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1435877.pdf?_1726068304913
Background
As part of Operation Enduring Freedom, Italy contributed to the international operation in Afghanistan. Italian forces
contributed to ISAF, the NATO force
in Afghanistan, and to the Provincial reconstruction team. and deployed a platoon of Carabinieri military police.
The Italian Army did
not take part in combat operations of the 2003 Iraq War, dispatching troops
only when major combat operations were declared over by the U.S. President George W. Bush. Subsequently Italian
troops arrived in the late summer of 2003, and began patrolling Nasiriyah and the surrounding area. Italian participation in the
military operations in Iraq was concluded by the end of 2006, with full
withdrawal of Italian military personnel except for a small group of about 30
soldiers engaged in providing security for the Italian embassy in Baghdad. Italy played a major role in the 2004-2011 NATO Training Mission to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces
training structures and institutions.
Other missions
UNMOGIP, since 1951 (India and Pakistan)
UNTSO, since 1958 (Israel, Egypt, Syria and Lebanon)
UNIFIL, since 1978 (Lebanon)
MINURSO, since 1991 (Western Sahara)
EUFOR Althea, since 2004 (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
EUBAM Rafah, since 2005 (Gaza–Egypt border)
EUPOL Afghanistan, since 2007 (Afghanistan)
EUNAVFOR Atalanta, since 2008 (Gulf of Aden)
EUMM Georgia, since 2008 (Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia)
EULEX Kosovo, since 2008 (Kosovo)
EUTM Somalia, since 2010 (Somalia)
EUCAP Nestor, since 2012 (Indian Ocean)
EUCAP Sahel Niger, since 2012 (Niger)
EUBAM Libya, since 2013 (Libya)
EUFOR RCA, since 2014 (Central African Republic)
KFOR, since 1999 (Kosovo)
ISAF, since 2001 (Afghanistan)
Operation Active Endeavour, since 2001 (Mediterranean Sea)
Operation Ocean Shield, since 2009 (Gulf of Aden)
Multilateral missions
TIPH-2, since 1997 (West Bank)
Operation Cyrene, since 2011 (Libya)
MIADIT Somalia, since 2013 (Somalia and Djibouti)
MIADIT Palestine, since 2014 (West Bank)
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missioni_militari_italiane_all%27estero#1946-oggi
