New US Tariffs and reactions

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/04/business/china-us-tariffs-retaliation-hnk-intl/index.html

https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2025/04/dazi-usa-trump-meloni-europa-reazioni-aggiornamenti-cronaca-diretta-e2ca3e36-9568-4e2c-bba5-5955f246b881.html

https://www.eunews.it/2025/04/03/von-der-leyen-trump-dazi-usa-ue/

https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/dazi-usa-reazioni-internazionali-paese-paese-AGDwmJwD?refresh_ce=1

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/statement-by-the-trade-secretary-on-us-tariffs

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/3/nothing-is-off-the-table-how-us-trade-partners-are-responding-to-tariffs

 https://uk.yahoo.com/finance/news/global-markets-turmoil-trump-tariffs-181621597.html

https://www.corriere.it/economia/consumi/diretta-live/25_aprile_03/dazi-la-sfida-al-commercio-di-trump-borse-europee-in-rosso-von-der-leyen-puntiamo-al-negoziato.shtml

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/dazi-usa-e-arrivato-il-d-day-le-conseguenze-per-leuropa-e-litalia-204440

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/la-crisi-tedesca-e-il-futuro-dellindustria-europea-189853

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/usa-dazi-per-tutti-204826

https://it.euronews.com/business/2025/04/02/trump-annuncia-i-nuovi-dazi-degli-stati-uniti-sui-prodotti-importati-dalleuropa-e-resto-de

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm257z1y2q9o

https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20250402-live-us-stocks-fall-ahead-of-trump-s-liberation-day-tariff-announcement

https://www.avvenire.it/economia/pagine/tutto-sui-dazi-ecco-cosa-rischia-l-economia-globale

The Arctic - Opportunities and challenges: the economic, social, and political impacts of climate change in the Arctic and the need for cooperation.

 2025 Russia and NATO's military presence in the broader Arctic

https://www.statista.com/chart/33824/military-bases-in-the-arctic-belonging-to-nato-and-russia/

https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today/analyses/arctic-sea-ice-sets-record-low-maximum-2025

https://essydo.com/2025/03/23/cold-rush-resource-competition-and-environmental-challenges-in-the-arctic/

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/769527/EPRS_BRI(2025)769527_EN.pdf

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/rising-tensions-shifting-strategies-evolving-dynamics-us-grand-strategy-arctic/

https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2025-february-27/

https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/arctic-defence

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/russias-arctic-military-posture-context-war-against-ukraine/

https://united24media.com/war-in-ukraine/how-russia-is-preparing-for-war-in-the-arctic-6622

This first video has a lot to say about Italy and the Arctic. Some of the links you may need to copy instead of clicking on them.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX-RI0odqtQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfw3LJm1DDM&t=3369s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D_f0T_XBHc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjqPlhXnugI

https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=720487422190375

https://www.centrostudi-italiacanada.it/articles/italy_canada_and_the_arctic_same_values_and_common_goals-213

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2024)754604

https://esthinktank.com/2024/01/10/arctic-exceptionalism-or-ice-curtain-collaboration-and-conflict-in-the-arctic-amid-escalating-geopolitical-strains/

https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2024/04/09/canada-vows-renewed-focus-on-arctic-defense-equipment-purchases/

The first few articles contain good introductory material to outline the current situation and frame the questions

https://www.esteri.it/en/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3213/2022-arctic-summer-sea-ice-tied-for-10th-lowest-on-record/

https://www.france24.com/en/russia/20220420-war-in-ukraine-threatens-geopolitical-balance-in-the-arctic

https://www.cfr.org/report/arctic-governance#:~:text=These%20issues%20include%3A%20opposing%20North,status%20of%20the%20Northeast%20and

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/arctic_en.htm

https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/arctic-within-eu-strategies-renewed-centrality

https://www.aies.at/download/2023/AIES-Fokus-2023-05.pdf

https://arcticfrontiers.com/2023-wrap-up/

https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/frna_-_eng_-interne_-_17-06-web_cle4fcfcc.pdf

https://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-arctic_07-9.pdf

https://arctic-council.org/en/

https://www.interreg-npa.eu/arctic-cooperation/

https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/11/28/military-and-environmental-challenges-in-arctic-pub-80424

https://www.arcticcentre.org/EN/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples#

https://www.intechopen.com/books/arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change/indigenous-communities-in-the-arctic-change-in-socio-economic-and-environmental-perspective

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/return-great-power-competition-arctic/

https://www.interreg-npa.eu/about/programme-in-brief/

https://www.interreg-npa.eu/

https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/whats-stake-rising-competition-arctic

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52915807

https://www.severe-weather.eu/news/arctic-circle-oil-spill-disaster-fa/

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/covid-19-arctic-the-arctic-institute-winter-series-2020-2021/

https://www.arctictoday.com/covid-19-and-the-arctic/

https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/44959/we-are-going-to-the-arctic/

https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/issues/protect-the-arctic/

https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/tag/arctic/

https://pame.is/mema/MEMAdatabase/349_Arctic%20Human%20Development%20Report.pdf

Italy

https://www.esteri.it/en/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/litalia-e-lartico/

https://amboslo.esteri.it/en/news/dall_ambasciata/2023/10/italy-at-the-2023-arctic-circle/ 2023

https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/italys-growing-interest-arctic 2022 SIOI

https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/

https://www.esteri.it/it/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/italia-e-artico/

https://www.esteri.it/en/politica-estera-e-cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/artico/

https://www.osservatorioartico.it/strategia-italia-artico/  (2020)

 https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1105156.pdf (2018)

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2016/06/strategy_for_the_arctic_may_2016.pdf  (2016)

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2016/06/italy_in_the_arctic.pdf (2016)

https://www.marina.difesa.it/EN/Conosciamoci/notizie/Pagine/20161215_eppr.aspx (2016)

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2019/11/verso_una_strategia_italiana_per_lartico__linee_guida_nazionali.pdf  (2015)

https://narfu.ru/upload/iblock/065/11_lagutina.pdf

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/artico

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2015/04/venice-international-university.html

Then whatever else you have time for:

http://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/10616/3866814/15_Arctic+Europe_Bringing+together+the+EU+Arctic+Policy.pdf/761dc7e8-ad2d-4d9a-a2f2-f0436efd5063?version=1.0

http://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-arctic_07-9.pdf

http://safety4sea.com/challenges-opportunities-emerging-arctic-change/

http://www.highnorthnews.com/op-ed-quo-vadis-arctic-the-european-union-and-its-northern-neighbourhood/

https://www.fni.no/news/the-european-union-and-the-geopolitics-of-the-arctic-article1671-330.html

https://accelfellowship.wordpress.com/opportunities-and-challenges-economic-social-and-political-impacts-of-climate-change-in-the-arctic/

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/artico

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/artico/strategia-dell-italia-nell-artico.html

http://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2016/06/italy_in_the_arctic.pdf

http://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2013/11/italian-arctic-strategy-unfolding-russian-oil-29-11

http://www.greenpeace.org/italy/it/campagne/Salviamo-il-clima/Save-The-Arctic/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/20/italian-composer--ludovico-einaudi-solemn-gig-in-the-arctic/

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/arctic-development-stalls_us_56a2b40be4b076aadcc6c444

http://energyfuse.org/low-oil-prices-undercut-arctic-oil-dreams/

http://www.reuters.com/article/oil-europe-investment-idUSL4N0SM3Y420141028

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Passage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route

http://www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/pdf/Backgrounder_ClimateChange_FINAL.pdf

http://www.greenfacts.org/en/arctic-climate-change/l-2/7-effects-on-people.htm

http://www.arcticcentre.org/EN/communications/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples

http://unchronicle.un.org/article/climate-change-arctic-inuit-reality/

So you could approach the topic by explaining, or outlining hopes and concerns, about:

1) the effects of recent climate change on the Arctic region and the opportunities and challenges these changes bring.

2) the dangers to the environment and the indigenous peoples

3) who the main actors are and what their interests are.

4) cooperation – the institutional framework and the reality on the ground

5) Italy and the EU’s position

6) competition for resources on the ground

7) military tensions between Russia and NATO countries

In an essay you should give real examples throughout and refer to events and statements in 2019-25. In your conclusion you could quickly summarise the opportunities, challenges and dangers and stress the need for multilateralism and protection of the environment and its inhabitants.

Free site with English language practice exercises and answers for Cambridge, TOEFL and other exams

The first link is to C1 level, but explore the site:

https://www.examenglish.com/CAE/cae_reading_use_of_english.html

https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/index.html

https://www.examenglish.com/vocabulary/academic_wordlist.html

https://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/index.php

‘Between’ and ‘among’

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/between-among/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwK2P7N2B_QIVzQaLCh21lwC3EAAYASAAEgJrTvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/grammatica/grammatica-britannico/between-or-among

https://www.terminologiaetc.it/2018/07/09/uso-traduzione-among-between/

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=11243

https://www.englishpractice.com/quiz/exercise-11/

http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-exercises-prepositions-test-9.html#.X_Lg99hKjIU

http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/between-versus-among?page=all

Quantifiers

Explanation

https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/exercises/what-are-quantifiers

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/much-many-a-lot-of-lots-of-quantifiers

https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Quantifiers_1.pdf

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/a1-a2-grammar/quantifiers-few-a-few-little-a-bit

Exercises

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/quantifiers.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/mengen.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/mengen.htm

https://www.grammarbank.com/a-little-a-few-exercise.html

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/quantifiers-quantity-exercises.html

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/much-many-little-few-some-any/

https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/quantifiers/quanitifiers-index.htm

Ukraine

 https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/russia-ucraina-i-nodi-da-sciogliere-per-arrivare-alla-pace-spiegati-in-6-grafici-204124

The decline in shipping through the Suez Canal and the effect on Italy's ports and supply lines

https://www.freightwaves.com/news/suez-canal-revenue-down-60-but-red-sea-outlook-may-be-changing

https://www.natwest.com/corporates/insights/markets/trade-tracker-a-turning-point-in-the-red-sea-shipping-crisis.html#:~:text=Geopolitics%20has%20had%20a%20big%20impact%20on%20maritime%20trade&text=In%20fact%2C%20volumes%20passing%20through,60%25%20over%20the%20same%20period.

https://www.thearabtoday.com/suez-canal-earnings-in-egypt-drop-60-in-2024-because-of-red-sea-conflicts/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/euro-mediterranean-ports-and-the-impacts-of-the-red-sea-crisis-insights-and-key-data-191220

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/italian-ports-fear-blow-business-red-sea-crisis-2024-01-17/

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-10-2024-001436_EN.html 

More on the BRICS

http://en.people.cn/n3/2025/0109/c90000-20263624.html

https://www.csis.org/blogs/latest-southeast-asia/latest-southeast-asia-indonesia-joins-brics

https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/joining-brics-indonesia-sticks-with-multi-alignment-strategy/

https://eastasiaforum.org/2025/02/04/indonesias-bold-step-into-brics-and-beyond/

More on the Arctic

https://news.yahoo.com/news/putin-sends-clear-warning-trump-232300445.html

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_219529.htm

https://www.americansecurityproject.org/natos-urgent-arctic-defense-strategy-countering-russia-and-securing-key-resources-amid-rising-geopolitical-tensions/

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-week-take-five-week-17-march-2025/

https://brigatafolgore.net/en/arctic-shield-2025-army-arctic-innovation/

https://interreg.eu/news-stories/interreg-aurora-connecting-the-arctic-to-the-space-economy/

https://phys.org/news/2025-03-finnish-space-center-climate-front.html#google_vignette

https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/ESA_and_Finland_pave_the_way_towards_a_supersite_for_Earth_observation

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/18/americas/arctic-canada-australia-radar-intl-latam/index.html

https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/norwegian-armed-forces-full-broadband-coverage-arctic

Europe and Ukraine

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/27/european-chiefs-agree-not-the-time-lift-sanctions-against-russia

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-allies-meet-with-new-aid-security-assurances-mind-2025-03-27/

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/leuropa-dei-volenterosi-204059

Türkiye update

https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2025-march-27/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/imamoglus-arrest-shakes-turkey-to-its-core-204042

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqlywl04pklo

More on Africa - see the post of 3 November 2024

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/global-gateway/global-gateway-overview_en#:~:text=Why%20Global%20Gateway%3F-,What%20is%20Global%20Gateway%3F,Representative%20launched%20it%20in%202021.

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/global-gateway/initiatives-sub-saharan-africa/eu-africa-global-gateway-investment-package_en

https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/c05/mattei-plan-one-year

https://www.assafrica.it/

https://www.ice.it/en/markets/south-africa

https://www.ice.it/it/node/10131

More on AI

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai

https://www.pickl.ai/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-generative-ai/#:~:text=Generative%20AI%20is%20revolutionising%20industries,environmental%20impact%2C%20demand%20careful%20attention.

https://generative-ai.leeds.ac.uk/intro-gen-ai/strengths-and-weaknesses/

https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/12/15/potentially-disastrous-for-innovation-tech-sector-says-eu-ai-act-goes-too-far

https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/21/google-meta-execs-blast-europe-over-strict-ai-regulation.html

but https://www.wexecutive.eu/post/basta-scuse-il-problema-dellai-in-europa-non-e-la-regolamentazione

https://www.confindustria.it/home/centro-studi/prodotti/EDV/rapporto/capitolo/Tendenze+delle+imprese+e+dei+sistemi+industriali/rapporto-ingenium-2025/8f3bacec-6a25-496d-a78c-325d85a644d3

https://www.confindustria.it/wcm/connect/2525b3bb-7180-4ca3-9b8b-2ce449f6e946/Volume_Fabbrica_Europa.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-2525b3bb-7180-4ca3-9b8b-2ce449f6e946-oTblRv1

The role of Türkiye

https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-04-03/turkey-and-european-union-a-maze-disputes   excellent – very clear on EU-Turkish relations!

https://www.esteri.it/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2023/02/un-piano-strategico-per-la-regione-adriatico-balcanica/

https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/5-focal-points-of-turkish-foreign-policy-in-2025

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/17/russia-ukraine-black-sea-grain-deal-all-you-need-to-know

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137336565/the-u-n-says-russia-agrees-to-extend-ukrainian-grain-exports

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-suspends-participation-deal-ukraine-grain-exports-tass-2022-10-29/

https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/ukraines-grain-exports-are-crucial-to-africas-food-security/

https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/turkey-russia-ukraine/

https://www.euronews.com/2024/11/01/russia-criticises-turkey-for-supplying-weapons-to-ukraine-while-offering-to-broker-peace

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-supports-ukraines-nato-membership-zelensky

https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-role-can-turkey-play-ukraine-negotiations

https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/understanding-turkiyes-entanglement-with-russia?lang=en

https://www.dw.com/en/iran-turkey-ties-tested-by-assads-downfall-in-syria/a-71037109

https://nordicmonitor.com/2025/01/turkish-government-controlled-think-tank-warns-of-irans-potential-support-for-pkk-and-anti-drone-technology/

https://millingandgrain.com/turkey-and-iran-sign-agricultural-cooperation-agreement/

https://www.mfa.gov.tr/iran-rusya-ve-turkiye-temsilcileri-tarafindan-yapilan-astana-formatindaki-suriye-konulu-22-yuksek-duzeyli-toplanti-ya-iliskin-ortak-bildiri-11-12-kasim-2024.en.mfa

https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview#:~:text=of%20Q2%202024.-,OUTLOOK,up%20at%203.8%25%20in%202026.

https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/TUR

https://turningpointmag.org/2024/12/27/turkeys-2024-elections-a-struggle-for-democracy-amid-authoritarian-backlash/

https://mei.edu/publications/turkey-after-2024-elections-transition-democracy-or-bumpy-road-authoritarian

https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44000

The security situation in the Sahel

As background: https://mecouncil.org/publication/crisis-sahel-causes-and-consequences-of-the-conflict-me-council/#:~:text=The%20Sahelian%20states%20have%20faced,microcosm%20of%20the%20region's%20troubles.

Then: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YVZwPlQugc very good

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/reorienting-europes-approach-in-the-sahel

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/chad-mauritania-pave-way-to-dissolve-g5-anti-rebel-alliance

https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/13/borrell-the-eu-has-failed-to-strengthen-democracy-in-the-sahel/

 https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/situations/sahel-situation

 https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/war-displacement-and-jihadism-high-stakes-for-the-sahel-191571

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/Tocta_Sahel.html

https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15950.doc.htm

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-end-of-european-cooperation-in-the-sahel-179037

https://tomorrowsaffairs.com/sahel-likely-to-face-even-deadlier-violence-in-2025

https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/sahel-dashboard-humanitarian-overview-3-march-2025

 https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/grey-rhinos-2025-il-sahel-195516

https://www.ifad.org/en/west-and-central-africa/sahel#:~:text=The%20political%20region%20of%20the,The%20region%20faces%20many%20challenges.

 https://www.startinsight.eu/en/italys-strategic-role-in-the-sahel-challenges-and-opportunities-after-the-french-withdrawal/

https://mp.luiss.it/archives/strategic-choices-in-the-sahel-a-vademecum-for-italy/

https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-08/undp_sahel_offer_implementation_report_en.pdf

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/italia-in-sahel-tra-priorita-nazionali-e-politiche-europee-135187

https://iari.site/2024/09/13/la-confederazione-degli-stati-del-sahel-quali-scenari-per-la-sicurezza/

https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/07/25/italy-niger-s-last-western-partner_6697782_124.html

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/it/press/press-releases/2024/11/18/sahel-eu-appoints-joao-cravinho-as-new-special-representative-for-the-sahel-region/

https://pagineesteri.it/2025/01/10/in-evidenza/italia-niger-piano-di-cooperazione-militare-2025/

https://ambniamey.esteri.it/it/italia-e-niger/

http://www.libertaciviliimmigrazione.dlci.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/progetti_di_sostegno_allo_sviluppo_2025-2027.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin

https://www.ft.com/content/d0af5533-ecdd-4be0-bbb8-e5b3e4bb11b4

https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/niger-missione-bilaterale-supporto/default/28246.html

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/italy-in-the-sahel-national-priorities-and-european-policies-138272

https://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1644

https://www.iom.int/news/new-unhcr-iom-mmc-report-highlights-extreme-horrors-faced-migrants-and-refugees-land-routes-africas-mediterranean-coast

https://acleddata.com/conflict-watchlist-2024/sahel/

https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/niger-missione-bilaterale-supporto/notizie-teatro/misin-prosegue-ciclo-addestrativo-forze-armate-nigerine/63831.html

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b205-eight-priorities-african-union-2025  number 5

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-economic-community-of-west-african-states-ecowas-a-region-and-an-organisation-at-a-crossroads-172641

https://icct.nl/publication/counter-terrorism-sahel-increased-instability-and-political-tensions 

The main challenges facing the European Union in 2025

https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine_en

https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/european-defence-fund-over-eu1-billion-drive-next-generation-defence-technologies-and-innovation-2025-01-30_en

https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/news/bold-investment-and-nato-collaboration-key-stepping-european-defence

https://www.eunews.it/en/2025/03/12/defence-eu-parliament-clears-way-for-rearmament-plan-pd-divided-m5s-and-lega-opposed/

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_232734.htm?selectedLocale=en

https://www.eunews.it/en/2025/03/12/eu-responds-to-trumps-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-with-26-billion-euros-in-tariffs-on-us-products/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohYKA2PvuaI

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/07/europe/nato-ukraine-survive-without-united-states-analysis-intl-hnk-ml/index.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcRbDlqLDlU

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/how-europe-views-trump-three-camps-on-a-fluid-map-199184

https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-competitiveness/draghi-report_en

https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en

https://www.smeunited.eu/news/europes-economy-still-in-stagnation

https://piernext.portdebarcelona.cat/en/governance/the-future-of-innovation-in-europe-the-response-to-the-draghi-report/

https://revolve.media/features/a-new-era-for-the-european-green-deal-summary-and-financing

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-green-finance-row-back-sets-climate-investment-challenge-2025-02-27/

https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/europes-digital-decade-digital-targets-2030_en

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/cybersecurity-strategy

and the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), but the site gets blocked sometimes:

https://www.enisa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-11/ENISA%20Threat%20Landscape%202024_0.pdf

https://commission.europa.eu/news/migration-commission-proposes-new-european-approach-returns-2025-03-11_en

https://www.dw.com/en/eu-plans-to-deport-more-migrants-create-return-hubs/a-71893769

https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/02/10/brussels-scrambles-to-defend-migration-pact-after-donald-tusks-refusal-to-comply

https://www.icmpd.org/news/migration-outlook-2025-inflows-to-europe-stabilise-but-trump-2.0-ukraine-and-syria-pose-looming-challenges-for-the-eu

https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine_en

The battle for democracy and human rights

 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict

https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/03/syria-un-commission-calls-renewed-commitment-peace-justice-and-human-rights

 https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores

https://rsf.org/en/2024-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-under-political-pressure

https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/03/1161126

https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/ohchr-reports/ohchr-report-2023.pdf

https://www.hrw.org/the-day-in-human-rights/2025/03/10

https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2024/2023%20EU%20country%20updates%20on%20human%20rights%20and%20democracy_0.pdf

https://eupolcopps.eu/uploads/17259689171835252362.pdf

https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/7200/2024/en/

https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/FIW_2024_DigitalBooklet.pdf

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/syria

https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2024/08/elections-2024-democracy-autocracy-assessment?lang=en

https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2024/

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/09/iran-two-years-after-woman-life-freedom-uprising-impunity-for-crimes-reigns-supreme/

https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/12/05/shocking-levels-of-democratic-backsliding-across-europe-ex-justice-commissioner-jourova

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240223IPR18084/parliament-calls-for-action-against-the-erosion-of-eu-values-in-member-states

https://www.euronews.com/2025/03/17/rule-of-law-deteriorates-across-the-eu-finds-report

https://democratic-erosion.org/2025/02/12/anti-democratic-populism-in-former-satellite-states/

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/oct/23/global-rise-populism-causing-authoritarianism-africa-mo-ibrahim-governance-index

https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2024/dec/23/did-democracy-survive-the-2024-global-election-marathon

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/28/authoritarianism-trump-freedom-house-democracy/

https://unipd-centrodirittiumani.it/en/news/freedom-house-freedom-in-the-world-2025-report-has-been-released-the-uphill-battle-to-safeguard-rights

https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule