What is fake news? What role does it play in public affairs? And in international affairs? Give examples. Why do people believe it? How should society deal with it?

Definition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/dizionario/inglese/fake-news

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/misinformation-or-disinformation/4674697.html

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/19/fake-news-social-media-twitter-mit-journalism

EU

https://epthinktank.eu/2018/04/24/online-disinformation-and-the-eus-response/

https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/fake-news-disinformation

https://euobserver.com/political/143612

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/05/eu-disinformation-war-russia-fake-news

US

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_website#Russia

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/how-russia-helped-to-swing-the-election-for-trump

https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/03/the-problem-isnt-fake-news-from-russia-its-us/

Brexit

https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/media/2018/07/facebook-releases-brexit-campaign-ads-fake-news-inquiry-what-s-wrong-them

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/final-say-brexit-referendum-lies-boris-johnson-leave-campaign-remain-a8466751.html

Italy

https://www.wired.it/internet/web/2018/11/23/fake-news-italia-notizie-vere/?refresh_ce=

Russia

https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/08/15/cutting-through-the-fake-news-proof-that-russia-is-hacking-everyone/#4165ac1778f0

https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46904935

Decline of traditional Media and the rise of fake news

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/22/distrust-social-media-traditional-journalism-fake-news

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/sites/jrccties/files/dewp_201802_digital_transformation_of_news_media_and_the_rise_of_fake_news_final_180418.pdf

History

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/fake-news-is-no-news_us_589c81f9e4b061551b3e07e6?guccounter=1

https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/fake-news-history-long-violent-214535

https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/nazi-propaganda

https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/A%20Short%20Guide%20to%20History%20of%20Fake%20News%20and%20Disinformation_ICFJ%20Final.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/sites/jrccties/files/dewp_201802_digital_transformation_of_news_media_and_the_rise_of_fake_news_final_180418.pdf

General

http://www.primaonline.it/wp-content/uploads/1228992542file12617583842140.pdf

https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2018/02/19/news/agcom_consumo_informazione-189224606/

https://www.openglobalrights.org/tech-companies-inability-to-control-fake-news-exacerbates-violent-acts/

https://libguides.geneseo.edu/c.php?g=67371&p=4431582

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/19/fake-news-social-media-twitter-mit-journalism

https://www.politico.eu/article/fake-news-misinformation-disinformation-russia-united-states-italy-france-germany-uk-brexit-facebook-data-share/

How should we recognise and respond to fake news?

https://www.summer.harvard.edu/inside-summer/4-tips-spotting-fake-news-story

https://docs.google.com/document/d/10eA5-mCZLSS4MQY5QGb5ewC3VAL6pLkT53V_81ZyitM/preview

https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cjxv13v27dyt/fake-news

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-43398486/can-you-spot-fake-news

https://libraryguides.mta.ca/fake_news

http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Fake-News-WorksheetProQuest.pdf

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/30/social-media-companies-fake-news-us-election

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/apr/24/global-crackdown-on-fake-news-raises-censorship-concerns

https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/03/553122-amid-rise-fake-news-authorities-should-ensure-truthful-info-reaches-public-un