martedì 17 settembre 2019

Italy’s role as an active member of the international community.

Italy’s international stance.

Articolo 11 della Costituzione Italiana

L'Italia ripudia la guerra come strumento di offesa alla libertà degli altri popoli e come mezzo di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali; consente, in condizioni di parità con gli altri Stati, alle limitazioni di sovranità necessarie ad un ordinamento che assicuri la pace e la giustizia fra le Nazioni; promuove e favorisce le organizzazioni internazionali rivolte a tale scopo.
Article 11 of the Constitution of Italy says:
Italy rejects war as an instrument of aggression against the freedom of other peoples and as a means for the settlement of international disputes. Italy agrees, on conditions of equality with other States, to the limitations of sovereignty that may be necessary to a world order ensuring peace and justice among the Nations. Italy promotes and encourages international organisations having such ends.
Some general background
division of Italian diplomatic history into 3 phases?
Italy is considered to be both a major regional power and a middle power with membership in prominent institutions or groups such as the UN, the EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, the G4 in the European Union, G6, G7, G8, G10, G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) and the Uniting for Consensus group (nicknamed the Coffee Club) at the UN. Italy currently (2019) maintains the world's tenth-largest nominal defense budget 
11th strongest for firepower
and is a participant in the NATO nuclear sharing policy. During 2017, Italy was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council by virtue of its election on 28 June 2016 and in compliance with the Hague Convention providing for the division of the 2017-2018 two-year mandate with Holland.
http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/01/l-italia-in-consiglio-di-sicurezza.html
Italy was a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative. Its recent or upcoming turns in the rotating presidency of international organizations include the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in 2018, the G7 in 2017 and the  from July to December 2014. Italy is also a recurrent non-permanent member of the EU Council, as mentioned above, most recently in 2017. On 1 January 2019, Italy took over the rotating Presidency of the Central European Initiative (CEI).
The 3 circles (see the sections on different areas towards the end of this post) approach to Italian foreign policy and some general considerations and criticism:
Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities.
Main activities, operations and military commitments
See the 2017 map of current operations on pages 6-7 here:
See also the operations of the Italian Armed Forces highlighted in 2015 on a map of the Afro-Eurasia area:
and
The number of Italian uniformed personnel in UN-led peacekeeping operations surged in 2006 with the expansion of UNIFIL in Lebanon. The current  Head of Mission and Force Commander, General Stefano Del Col (appointed in August 2018), is the fourth Italian General to hold this office since 2007. As of 31 August 2019, UNIFIL's force consists of a total 10,245. From a peak of almost 3,000 troops in February 2008, Italian uniformed UN peacekeepers were reduced to 1,108 in December 2011, and their number has remained substantially stable as of August 2019 (1068).
Apart from UNIFIL, in Italy participated with military observers and staff officers in three other UN-led missions, MINUSMA in Mali, UNMIK in Kosovo and UNFICYP in Cyprus and the Italian Army is currently engaged in the missions listed here:
as well as being part of NATO's Advanced Forward Presence in the Baltic.
Italy is also active in the training of the police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions. Over 10 thousand Police Units from over 130 countries have been trained at the Centre of Excellence for the Stability Police Units (CoESPU) in Vicenza since 2006. Training has been provided in the areas of international human rights, tackling gender-based violence, the protection of children in conflict situations and restoration of the rule of law.  Italy hosts a United Nations Logistics Base in Brindisi that provides logistical support to all UN peacekeeping operations in its role as a “Global Service Centre”, including in information science and telecommunications. It is also emerging as a centre of excellence and innovation in managing the environmental impact of UN operations.
Overall deployment abroad in both UN and non-UN missions peaked at nearly 8,700 in 2005 and has subsequently ranged between 5,500 and 8,000. In January 2019 there were over 6,000 uniformed Italian personnel deployed abroad in 34 missions.
Currently, these include the presence is in Lebanon (UNIFIL 1072 personnel),
in Afghanistan, (NATO Resolute Support Mission (RSM 895 personnel),
in the Mediterranean Sea (EUNAVFOR MED Sophia, 520 personnel)
See also the notes on the migration and refugee crisis on this blog;
and the update we will add this year.
in the NATO Joint Enterprise in the Balkans (538 personnel)
KFOR comes under a single chain of command, under the authority of Commander KFOR (COMKFOR). COMKFOR reports to the Commander of Joint Force Command Naples (COM JFCN), Italy. The current COMKFOR is Major General Lorenzo D’Addario
in the Indian Ocean (EUNAVFOR Atalanta, 407 personnel).
Italy also contributes significantly to the Global Coalition against Daesh 1,100 personnel, with over 250 personneldeployed in Iraq.
in NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence in Latvia (160 troops)
in the bilateral assistance and support mission in Libya (400 personnel) and more generally, as regards the central Mediterranean area, there is the national air and naval surveillance and security system for this area, Operation Mare Sicuro, including support for the Libyan Coast Guard (754 personnel).
See the following:
The Italian approach to missions is also important:
As we have seen, Italy has joined in many UN, NATO and EU operations as well as providing assistance in the Middle East peace process, peacekeeping, and combating the illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.
Under long-standing bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza – home of 173d Airborne Brigade – and Livorno (USA); Aviano(USAF); and Sigonella, Nisida, and Gaeta – home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. Italy hosts the NATO Defence Collegeat Cecchignola, near Rome.

Now go to:  http://www.esteri.it/
and then 
Home >  Politica Estera >  Organizzazioni Internazionali >  ONU 
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/ONU/
http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/temi_globali/diritti_umani/litalia_e_i_diritti_umani.html
http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/organizzazioni_internazionali/onu/onu_ruolo_italia_nel_peacekeeping.html
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/approfondimenti/20090525_ITALIA_NELLONU.pdf
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/ONU/La_Riforma.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/ONU/La_Riforma.htm
also:
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/NATO.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/OSCE.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/COE.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/FondoMonetarioInternazionale.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/BancaMondiale.htm
2010 Statement by H.E. Mr. Franco Frattini, Minister for Foreign Affairs at the UN
http://www.un.org/en/ga/65/meetings/generaldebate/View/SpeechView/tabid/85/smid/411/ArticleID/195/reftab/231/t/Italy/Default.html
If you go to this site:
http://www.italyun.esteri.it/rappresentanza_onu
you can choose English as the operating language to read and make notes on the following:
Peace and Security
Human Rights – International Law
The UN Security Council Reform
Italian Contribution to the UN Budget
Have a look at:
and more recently
Italian Economic Diplomacy
https://www.prometeia.it/en/atlas/economic-diplomacy-Italy this says how much it's worth to Italy in billions of euros.
Expo Milano

Destinazione Italia

Italy and Trade
Cultural Diplomacy
Definition
Italian Cultural Diplomacy
for current examples, go to:
More on Italy and 'soft power'
and the EU

Italy at the UN
Italy was elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the period 2019/2021. Will it be able to energize that body? https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/italia-eletta-al-consiglio-per-i-diritti-umani-dell-onu-per-il-periodo-2019-2021.html
Italy on the UN Security Council in 2017
Italy's efforts to ban the death penalty at a global level
Italy and reform of the UN Security Council
and complications
Italy and the EU
Italy's position on important questions such as: EU
economic policy,
background
refugee and migration policy
background
EU military cooperation
The European battlegroups
http://www.ansa.it/friuliveneziagiulia/notizie/2016/11/21/forze-armate-al-via-esercitazione-european-wind-2016_0de27957-ff5f-4dbb-bef0-bbac9e1467c8.html
Italy and NATO
including more on 'Enhanced Forward Presence'
2016
2017
2018
2019
The Mediterranean, North Africa and Libya
Balkans
Africa and Middle East

Some further Background Information
The Italian Armed Forces
The Italian Armed Forces include active personnel in the Italian Army (Esercito Italiano), the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana), The Italian Navy (Marina Militare), Arma dei Carabinieri, Guardia di Finanza and reserve personnel.
Il Bilancio del Ministero della Difesa
Nel suo complesso, il bilancio del Ministero della Difesa sale fino 21.432.2 milioni di euro, con un aumento di 463,3 milioni (+ 2,2%) sui 20.968,9 milioni del 2018.
As part of Operation Enduring Freedom, Italy contributed to the international operation inAfghanistan. Italian forces contributed to ISAF, the NATO force in Afghanistan, and to theProvincial reconstruction team. and deployed a platoon of Carabinieri military police.
The Italian Army did not take part in combat operations of the 2003 Iraq War, dispatching troops only when major combat operations were declared over by the U.S. President George W. Bush. Subsequently Italian troops arrived in the late summer of 2003, and began patrolling Nasiriyah and the surrounding area. Italian participation in the military operations in Iraq was concluded by the end of 2006, with full withdrawal of Italian military personnel except for a small group of about 30 soldiers engaged in providing security for the Italian embassy in Baghdad. Italy played a major role in the 2004-2011 NATO Training Mission to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions.
Other missions
UNMOGIP, since 1951 (India and Pakistan)
UNTSO, since 1958 (Israel, Egypt, Syria and Lebanon)
UNIFIL, since 1978 (Lebanon)
MINURSO, since 1991 (Western Sahara)
UNFICYP, since 2005 (Cyprus)
MINUSMA, since 2013 (Mali)
EULEX Kosovo, since 2008 (Kosovo)
EUTM Somalia, since 2010 (Somalia)
EUCAP Nestor, since 2012 (Indian Ocean)
EUCAP Sahel Niger, since 2012 (Niger)
EUBAM Libya, since 2013 (Libya)
EUTM Mali, since 2013 (Mali)
 NATO
KFOR, since 1999 (Kosovo)
ISAF, since 2001 (Afghanistan)
Operation Ocean Shield, since 2009 (Gulf of Aden)
Multilateral missions
TIPH-2, since 1997 (West Bank)
Operation Cyrene, since 2011 (Libya)
MIADIT Somalia, since 2013 (Somalia and Djibouti)



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