Arms sales and military aid to Israel
https://www.cfr.org/article/us-aid-israel-four-charts
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-military-aid-for-israel-tops-17-9-billion-since-last-oct-7
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68737412
Recent
news
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFLreW8M1a0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjTeTwZ3xFQ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war
https://www.npr.org/2024/10/07/g-s1-26381/hamas-israel-hezbollah-gaza-lebanon
https://responsiblestatecraft.org/abraham-accords-peace-middle-east/
UN stance
https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1155211
https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15569.doc.htm
https://press.un.org/en/2024/sgsm22391.doc.htm
https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/-/2676262
China and
Russia
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/china-postions-paper-palestineisrael/
https://english.news.cn/20231011/768d241ed4e543b8a6051d0faa1a13c9/c.html
Europe and
Italy’s stance
I think this link is the least controversial line to argue in an essay.
It sets out the EU’s position and includes most of the basic questions, so I
will repeat this link in various places in these notes: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/middle-east-peace-process_en
Remember to look at all the sections, not just the top of the page.
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/search_en?fulltext=israel+and+palestinians
The two-state solution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution
https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/gapal1444.doc.htm
https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/biden-pushes-two-state-solution-un-general-assembly
https://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/middle-east-peace-process/337/middle-east-peace-process_en
The one-state solution
https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080094/what-are-the-two-state-solution-and-the-one-state-solution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solution
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/one-state-solution-unworkable
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/middle-east-peace-process_en
Background essay in English and Italian (also for translation work):
http://www.assopacepalestina.org/2017/06/negoziati-senza-fine/
Recent background – Biden
2021-22: https://www.e-ir.info/2021/01/01/opinion-israel-palestine-policy-under-biden/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/26/world/middleeast/biden-palestinians-israel.html
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-concerned-over-biden-s-stance-on-iran-palestine/2118793
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/10/us/politics/iran-nuclear-us-israel-biden-bennett.html
ICC https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1084232
https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/02/icc-sanctions-reversed-biden-478731
https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/the-biden-administration-also-opposes-icc-overreach/
2020-21
https://www.dw.com/en/gulf-leaders-sign-agreement-to-end-qatar-blockade/a-56128295
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54124996
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine
https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1076152
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question.php
2017 to January 2020
On December 6, 2017, US President Donald Trump announced US
recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of
Israel and ordered the planning of the
relocation of the U.S. Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel
2018, 70th anniversary of Israel’s founding on May 14th 1948; mourning
by Palestinians who regard the same event as their “catastrophe” and observe
May 15 as“Nakba Day”; and the transfer of the U.S.
Embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv on May 14 by the administration of President
Donald Trump. https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-04-04/israel-palestine-gaza-violence-is-about-to-get-worse
In December 2018
Brazil’s new President, Jair Bolsonaro, said he would follow the lead of the
U.S. and move the country’s embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/israel/palestine
https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18079996/israel-palestine-conflict-guide-explainer The United States
recognized the Golan Heights as part of Israel through a presidential proclamation signed
by U.S. President Donald Trump on March 25,
2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel
The 'Annexation of the Jordan Valley' is the
proposed application of Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley. The idea has been
advocated by some Israeli politicians since the Israeli occupation of the West Bank began
in 1967, most recently with the 2019 Netanyahu plan. https://theintercept.com/2019/09/11/netanyahu-hints-trump-peace-plan-will-allow-israel-annex-key-west-bank-territory/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Jordan_Valley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank
On 28th January 2020, President Trump announced his peace
plan for Israel and the Palestinians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_peace_plan https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/.premium-israeli-army-bolsters-forces-along-jordanian-border-ahead-of-trump-s-peace-deal-1.8464319 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Gstx-XPt5f61CBHPhKeRtTwTM9GFmSjQ/view
https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1844914/trump-insists-israeli-palestinian-plan-has-a-chance-
UN position: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20460.doc.htm
https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1080542
https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14225.doc.htm
https://news.un.org/en/tags/israel-palestine
The EU and Italy’s position:
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/middle-east-peace-process_en
https://www.money.it/Quale-posizione-Italia-guerra-Israele-Palestina
To watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ojr4hDw-IYQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ux4JU_sbB0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Rh5aFnGb4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NMwohMhP10
good general background:
http://www.mideastweb.org/nutshell.htm very clear and also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict
Earlier background - to have some idea of
events over the last two decades
President Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian leader,
speaking at the UN General Assembly, formally requested full membership for his
as yet undefined country on 23rd September 2011. However, the
Security Council vote was called off when it became clear that the US would use
its veto to block this request. Palestine is recognised by about 130 members of
the General Assembly and UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in October 2011.
The Palestinian move at the UN encouraged the international community to try to
re-launch direct Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. Some experts saw the
prisoner swap (18 October 2011) between Israel and Hamas as a positive move in
this direction, but talks failed to resume during the summer of 2012 despite
international efforts. On September
27th 2012 President Abbas asked the
UN to grant Palestine ‘non-member observer state’ (which
will allow Palestine to join more UN agencies) and warned that time was running
out on a 2-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict if Israel
continues with its settlement policy. In November of that year the UN voted
overwhelmingly in favor.
For the current level of international recognition of Palestine see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine
Mar. 16, 2015 - Israeli
Prime Minister Netanyahu Says No to Two-State Solution on Eve of Election
"Under pressure on the eve of a surprisingly close election, Prime
Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel on Monday repeated his appeal to
right-wing voters, declaring that if he was returned to office he would never
establish a Palestinian state... The statement reversed Mr. Netanyahu’s
endorsement of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in a
2009 speech at Bar Ilan University, and fulfilled many world leaders’
suspicions that he was never really serious about peace negotiations."
New York Times "Netanyahu Says No to Statehood for
Palestinians," nytimes.com, Mar. 16, 2015
However, in a Mar.
19 interview with NBC News Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent Andrea
Mitchell, Netanyahu claimed that his pre-election statement was not a reversal
of policy, but rather a statement about what is realistically possible in the
current situation. In the interview, Netanyahu said, "I don't want a
one-state solution. I want a sustainable, peaceful two-state solution. But for
that, circumstances have to change."
May 13, 2015 - The
Vatican Recognizes State of Palestine in New Treaty "The
Vatican officially recognized the state of Palestine in a new treaty finalized
Wednesday, immediately sparking Israeli ire and accusations that the move hurt
peace prospects.
Associated Press (AP)"Vatican Recognizes State of Palestine in New
Treaty," ap.org, May 13, 2015
Oct. 19, 2015 - Since the beginning of the month, at least
nine Israelis have been killed, along with 41 Palestinians, 20 of whom Israeli
authorities have identified as attackers. The remaining 21 Palestinians died in
clashes with Israeli troops… The violence has been
dominated by Palestinian teenagers stabbing Israelis in so-called ‘lone wolf’
attacks and without the political and organizational support that existed
during the first and second intifadas."
ABC
News, "What's behind Escalating Violence in Israel," abcnews.go.com,
Oct. 19, 2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict
October 2017 The Palestinians form a unity government.
Israel will not negotiate with a Palestinian unity
government if Hamas is involved.
On 7 December
2017 Donald Trump defied overwhelming global opposition by recognising
Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, but insisted that the highly controversial
move would not derail his own administration’s bid to resolve the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Two days later at the UN ambassadors from
Britain, France, Italy, Japan, China and more warned that Trump’s announcement
that the United States recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s capital is misguided or
a threat to peace. Some called it reckless. Other envoys blasted the U.S. shift
as a violation of past U.N. Security Council resolutions or possibly of
international law.
https://news.sky.com/story/trump-us-officially-recognises-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-11159134
http://www.straitstimes.com/world/clashes-continue-as-us-jerusalem-move-condemned-at-un
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uxjt5SdB4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc1d30mCHbo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7_HKU01vKE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfqvHzXkfoM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqv6-Aq0ZAw
Italy http://parstoday.com/it/news/italia-i125987-medio_oriente_alfano_non_possiamo_retrocedere_da_soluzione_dei_due_stati 05/12/17
UN
position on Israel and the Palestinians – the two-state solution remains the
only acceptable basis for a settlement
https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1056412
https://www.arabnews.com/node/1576851/middle-east
https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1026871
https://press.un.org/en/2015/gapal1336.doc.htm
So
some notes for an essay
Why
is a peace settlement to the conflict so important to the international
community?
1) The perceived threat that this conflict poses to
the stability of the Middle East and to oil supplies. The risk of an escalation
to war between Israel and Iran and the presence of nuclear facilities
2) The way it affects the West’s image in the Arab world (and in the
broader Muslim world) 3)
As a measure of the effectiveness of the UN in resolving international disputes
(a basic part of its mandate) and responding to a humanitarian crisis
Possible
preconditions or sticking points for the launching of serious negotiations
(this should be updated in line with current developments)
1) A truce and then a lasting cease-fire, a cessation
of military incursions, bombing, rocket and drone attacks, terrorist attacks
and acts of violence to provide time and the right atmosphere to negotiate.
2) Mutual recognition of both people’s right to an
independent state (the international community two-state solution).However,
Israel wants recognition specifically as a Jewish state (a homeland for the
Jews).
(Some commentators argue
that the two-state solution is making no progress and think the Palestinians
should give up claims to an independent state, ask for unification of the
occupied territories with Israel and for
full Israeli citizenship for all Palestinians, thus threatening the Jewish
popular majority within Israel. The argument goes that Israel would feel so
threatened by such a prospect that it would be forced to make concessions on a
two-state solution. See ‘The Death and Life of the Two-State Solution by Grant
Rumley and Amir Tibon in Foreign Affairs July/August 2015. However, as a
realistic prospectthis seems unlikely. Certainly, it is not the position of the
international community or the Palestinian movement at the moment).
3) Some kind of good-will gesture on both sides: a release
of the Israeli hostages in exchange for the release of Palestinian prisoners
and the provision of humanitarian aid to civilians in the Gaza Strip and
southern Lebanon
4) A freeze on Israeli settlement building (accepted
by the US but no longer by the Israeli government) and
a halt to the intimidation and increasing violence by Israeli settlers. This
was the most important immediate issue to Palestinians on the West Bank before
the start of the current war.
5) A reduction in Israeli road blocks and military
outposts on the West bank
6) Israel refuses to negotiate with a 'unified'
Palestinian government which includes Hamas because Hamas refuses to recognise
Israel's right to exist. So identifying an acceptable Palestinian interlocutor
(but one that can control radical Palestinian groups) or a third country to
initially speak on their behalf (Egypt? Jordan? The Gulf states?)
Other
elements in a potential negotiation
1) Perhaps the model should be the 1998 Northern
Ireland Peace Agreement. This would mean starting with the moderates, for the
Palestinians, the President and government of the PA (Al Fatah, which
recognises Israel), in the hope of making progress and so involving more hard-line
groups (Hamas, which does not recognise Israel) later. However, Fatah and Hamas
are now cooperating again and to deal with one and not the other might be
difficult. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/23/palestinian-rivals-hamas-and-fatah-sign-unity-deal-brokered-by-china
It is also
difficult to see the current government of Israel as in any sense ‘moderate’ and
willing to negotiate, compared with the Yitzhak
Rabin government of the 1990s which negotiated the Oslo Accords.
2) The need for widespread popular support and
consensus building before, during and after talks.This seems the fundamental
challenge with both communities seeming radicalized and polarized.
3) Pressure and support from the international
community, the UN, the US, the EU, Russia,
China and Arab countries, to start and make real progress with negotiations and
offer incentives
4) Should negotiation include other Arab states and
other issues (e.g. Jordan and Lebanon as hosts to many Palestinian refugees,
Syria because of the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights or is this likely
to make things even more difficult.
5) Iran- will the conflict extend directly to a full Israeli attack on Iran? Will that
make negotiations impossible or will there need to be a dialogue and
negotiation directly between Israel and Iran?
6) Does there need to be a change of government in
Israel to make negotiations possible?
The
main questions to be resolved
1) Borders: two states, Israel and a Palestinian state
on the West Bank (the problem of the status of the Gaza Strip and Hamas which
controls it). Negotiations might begin with the UN Green Line of 1949 and be
based on progress made in previous
negotiations (e.g. Oslo Accords, 1993). This would also require decisions on
existing settlements and what would be done with the settlers (for statistics
on the rapidly rising number of settlers see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement (estimated
figures, 220,000 in East Jerusalem and 500,000 in the West Bank (and additionally, over 20,000 Israeli citizens live in
settlements in the Golan Heights).
2) the status of Jerusalem, which is claimed by both
as their capital and has Holy sites belonging to Judaism, Islam and
Christianity. The continuation of Israeli settlement within East Jerusalem https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/palestine-occupied-palestinian-territory-west-bank-and-gaza-strip/2023-report-israeli-settlements-occupied-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-january-december-2023_en?s=206
There seems to be little space for negotiation on the
status of Jerusalem at the moment, so this might have to be the last question
to deal with.
3) The full political independence and real economic
viability of a Palestinian state – water resources, the Israeli Defence barrier
and the damage it did to the Palestinian economy, the port of Gaza, removal of
(some, most, all and when?) Israeli road blocks and military outposts on the
West Bank, aid from the international community,, the UN, the US?, the EU? And
the rich Arab states?. This question has direct implications for (4)
4) Future security in the area. This is the crucial
issue for Israel, which sees a danger in dismantling its defence barrier and
military outposts and then facing new terrorist attacks. Israel wants a peace
settlement which is accepted by all the Palestinians (and its Arab neighbours)
not with 75% of the Palestinians. Would a compromise also involve the temporary
maintenance of some Israeli road blocks and military outposts within the newly
created Palestinian state for a certain number of years as a guarantee of
security as the Israelis demand?
5) The ‘right of return’ for descendants of the
Palestinian refugees of the 1948 and 1967 wars (now estimated at about 4
million people: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return ). And where would they return to?
a) Since 1948 many live in refugee camps in
neighbouring countries ( e.g. 1.9 million as refugees in Jordan, although if
one includes Jordanians citizens of Palestinian descent this figure rises to
2.7 million, almost half the population of the country)
b) Many refugees claim the right to return to places
which are now in Israel, not just on the West Bank
c) Alternatives – settlement on the West bank in the
new Palestinian state? Or some form of economic compensation? Could some
Palestinians be allowed to return to Israel and become Israeli citizens if they
have documentary proof of land ownership in the past?
Conclusion
1) Today may be a difficult moment compared to 20 or 30
years ago (the Oslo Accords, 1993, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords and the Taba summit of 2001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_Summit)
with a extremely conservative Israeli government and a
fragile and still fragmented Palestinian leadership
and a radicalization of
positions and aspirations on both
sides at the popular level. Or at least, these are the voices we hear at the
moment.. Realistically, it is hard to be very optimistic. In fact, some commentators
argue that the Palestinians and the Arab world in general continue to regard
Israel as a ‘colonial’ outpost (presumably of the West in general or the US in
particular), a foreign imposition, and thus at a fundamental level they reject
Israel’s right to exist, or its right to exist as a specifically Jewish state,
and therefore question the basis of the two-state solution. The Israelis see
the foundation of Israel as their ‘return’ to their homeland after 1800
years, and the creation of a necessary safe-haven for Jews after the pogroms of
the 19th century and the Holocaust of WWII. They often regard the
Palestinians as simply Arabs (who can therefore become citizens of any Arab
state) rather than a specific Arab people with legitimate aspirations to their
own independent homeland. Whether these views are really held at the popular
level or the projections of fears on each side is difficult to assess.
2) In any case, there is a clear need for popular
support for any peace process. Political leaders can lead, but a successful
peace process would require genuine and growing consensus and support among
both populations. Without that basis, little progress can be made. Itt is not
clear that there is a genuine desire for peace at the popular level on either
side at the moment, at least not if ‘genuine desire’ means accepting the price of compromise and making real concessions. In
surveys a narrow majority on both sides says it favours peace, but each thinks
it is the other side that must make concessions, not their own.
4) The EU remains committed to calling for a
ceasefire, promoting negotiations on a 2-state solution, and providing
humanitarian aid.
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/middle-east-peace-process_en
Some other useful sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict
Israel declared its independence in May 1948 and was recognized by the
USA and Soviet Union in the same month (by Britain and France in January 1949,
Italy in February 1949, and Germany in September 1952). It was admitted to the
UN in May 1949 under UNSC resolution 273.The Holocaust certainly
played a crucial role in determining the attitude of the West and Soviet Union,
and the UN’s recognition of Israel. Despite growing sympathy for the
Palestinians and sharp criticism of Israeli actions and intransigence over the
last 2 decades the EU continues to stand by Israel’s fundamental right to exist
in security and to be an accepted member of the international community and the
UN, and it supports direct negotiations leading to a 2-state solution. It is
not clear if the Oslo Accord(s) would provide a starting point for negotiations
or if the 2 sides would start from scratch
[ ripartire da zero].)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel
http://www.juancole.com/2015/04/worlds-recognize-palestine.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine#UN_member_states
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Position_on_Israeli_issues
Israel's nuclear deterrence
http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/israels-newest-and-most-advanced-submarine-is-their-las-1752459324
Negotiations and article for
translation
http://www.assopacepalestina.org/2017/06/negoziati-senza-fine/
more on the one-state solution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solution
https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/08/palestine-israel-one-state-solution.html
https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-end-of-oslo-a-new-european-strategy-on-israel-palestine/
https://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/middle-east-peace-process_en
https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085922
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/26/us-assures-two-state-solution-for-israel-palestine-at-un
Demographics for the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Israel – check the figures
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/newpop.html
world Jewish population
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world
However, figures
for the global and country by country ‘Enlarged Jewish Population’ (a looser
definition based on ancestry and
members of Jewish households are much higher.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country
see also: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html
The Palestinians – check the figures
World Palestinian population
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians
Palestinian territories
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/palestine-population
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Palestinian_territories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees
Palestinian refugees in
Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt
https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan
https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria
https://www.unrwa.org/syria-crisis#Syria-Crisis-and-Palestine-refugees
Is it reasonable for Israel to insist on
being a Jewish state? Let’s start
with another country:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Saudi_Arabia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia#Modern_Era
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/moriel-rothman/israel-is-not-a-jewish-state_b_1603422.html
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/09/201192614417586774.html
https://tikvahfund.org/uncategorized/the-jews-right-to-statehood/
https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/9/30/why-israel-cant-be-a-jewish-state
Israel, the Palestinians and the wider Muslim world:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Israel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Israel_and_the_Palestinian_territories
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people#Jewish_state_or_a_state_of_Jews.3F
http://forward.com/articles/157127/isn-t-israel-already-a-jewish-state/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solution#Support_for_one-state_solution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world#Jordan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands
http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-egypts-islamists-must-respect-minorities/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/23/henry-porter-muslim-unrest-prejudice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_the_apartheid_analogy
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