https://www.esteri.it/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/diplomazia-culturale/ What’s on.
This question can be interpreted to include at least the following five
ideas:
1) Samuel Huntington’s argument
that international relations depend on the division of the world into cultural
areas. He argued that people's cultural and
religious identities would be the primary
source of conflict in the post-Cold War
world and that intervention or interference in other cultural areas should
usually be avoided as it is likely to be misunderstood and lead to
unpredictable results.
‘People have levels of identity: a
resident of Rome may define himself with varying degrees of intensity as a
Roman, an Italian, a Catholic, a Christian, a European, a Westerner. The
civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with
which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their identities and,
as a result, the composition and boundaries of civilizations change.’
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1993-06-01/clash-civilizations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations
2) Cultural differences
between groups in terms of the ideas contained in the material I will give
you in class. These are all elements that the diplomat must be aware of and pay
particular attention to, especially in relation to non-diplomats (see below at
the end of this section). Compare and contrast attitudes among
the North Americans, Japanese, Italians, Chinese, South Americans, Germans,
Arabs, and other countries, geographical areas or cultures as appropriate, to some or all of the following ideas: physical
and eye contact, making friends and establishing a relationship before
negotiating, choosing the right kind of venue for a meeting, addressing the
right person, punctuality, gift-giving, turn-taking and interruptions, hand-shaking and bowing, stance and distance,
body language, linguistic register and forms of address, dress codes,
linguistic signaling, the appropriateness or inappropriateness of talking
business during a meal, norms for recording what has been said and organizing
follow-ups to meetings. Put all these in a logical order e.g. pre-meeting, the start of the meeting, during the meeting, at the end of
meeting, post-meeting.
Of course, no particular culture has a
‘better’ or ‘more correct’ approach to maintaining diplomatic relations and
negotiating, although there are norms considered appropriate in the UN context.
It is simply a problem of social norms and expectations and diplomats therefore
need to adapt their approach to their counterpart. This is important, firstly,
as a simple act of politeness in order to put one’s counterpart at ease, show
respect and as a way to maintain a good working relationship. This will be very
important for diplomats stationed abroad where the onus is on them to conform,
at least to an acceptable extent, to the host country’s norms. Secondly, it
will be of crucial importance when diplomats are involved in a negotiation that
is particularly important to their country and which really needs to succeed.
So awareness-raising in this area is a necessary part of a diplomat’s training
and development. The following provide some ideas on cross-cultural
negotiations diplomacy and business.
http://culturaldiplomacy.org/content/pdf/icd_diplomatic_culture_of_cultural_diplomacy.pdf
https://www.beyondintractability.org/bksum/cohen-negotiating
https://archive.law.upenn.edu/live/files/5460-bolewski----diplomatic-processes-and-cultural
www.demos.co.uk/files/Cultural%20diplomacy%20-%20web.pdf
https://www.diplomacy.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/IC-and-Diplomacy-FINAL_Part13.pdf
Of course, one can also argue that professional diplomats themselves
form their own culture, a group of people particularly skilled at not being offended or confused or unable to respond appropriately to unfamiliar customs,
social norms or behavior, a group that considers the maintenance of good
relations a primary goal beyond its own cultural expectations and makes a
positive effort to be informed about and respect the norms of other cultures
(in particular those of the host country).
3) International conventions to protect minority
cultures e.g. the EU Framework
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the UN
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions,
and to protect cultural heritage e.g. The Convention Concerning the Protection
of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the Convention for the Safeguarding
of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and the EU Framework Convention on the
Value of Cultural Heritage for Society.
https://www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/home
https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it
https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/
https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
https://www.coe.int/en/web/culture-and-heritage/faro-convention
You can look at these in relation
to Italy.
https://italiana.esteri.it/italiana/litalia-e-lunesco/
https://www.unesco.it/it/iniziative-dellunesco/patrimonio-mondiale/
https://www.italia.it/it/italia/cosa-fare/arte-cultura/siti-unesco
https://cultura.gov.it/sitiunesco
https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1715.pdf
4) Cultural diplomacy and the role of the diplomat
(particularly the cultural attaché) in promoting
his own country’s culture in terms of art or scientific
exhibitions, cultural events of various other kinds (e.g. Italian food, cooking,
literature, or music – but also trade fairs), relations with local Italian
emigrant associations in the host country, language courses, information regarding
tourism or where to find tourist information, and sports events in the host
country involving Italy or ones in Italy that will involve a team from the host
country. Here's a couple of examples
All of these are seen as vehicles for promoting a positive image of the
country and overcoming negative stereotypes of the nation, thus building good
relations with the host country, above all with the citizens of the host
country, through a continuous public relations exercise, and gaining more influence
and ‘soft power’.
The diplomat himself is expected to behave in a way which will make him
a credit to his country and give foreigners a good impression. All of this is
described as Cultural Diplomacy (see below) and is something that potentially
relates to all fields, and thus involves all a state’s actors and all those who
can be seen as representing the country in some way, in the public sector, the
private sector (e.g. businessmen) and as individuals, as cultural
representatives (diplomats in the widest sense). This is something that will
affect efforts to improve relations with other states and foreign public
opinion, promote national interests and enhance cooperation by embracing
cultural diversity and by trying to build bridges and overcome barriers where
there are significant differences. So cultural exchange programs in education,
like Erasmus, and how students behave while abroad, as well as how football
fans behave abroad will also influence how a country and its people are
perceived.
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituti_italiani_di_cultura_all%27estero
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy
and its role in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy#Cultural_diplomacy
http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/content/pdf/icd_diplomatic_culture_of_cultural_diplomacy.pdf
http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy
5) Multiculturalism – We
should see multiculturalism as a growing reality of modern global and European
life, and the need for multiculturalism as a positive and necessary force to
bridge ethnic, religious and national divisions and tensions within society and
between states. In this sense the EU is one vast attempt at multiculturalism
aimed at overcoming the divisions of the past that led to two world wars, and providing
a common home (with a secular constitution, guaranteeing equality, respect and
basic rights for all) for Europeans and migrant workers of many different ethnic, religious and national
backgrounds. In purely European terms it has been remarkably successful. This
is balanced with EU initiatives to protect the rights of minority cultures and
linguistic groups e.g. The European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) of 1992.
This idea is closely linked to the project for European citizenship and
the goal of strengthening European identity at the legal level. However,
European identity as a concept – the sense or feeling of belonging to something
bigger than the nation – goes far beyond the question of whether Europeans like
or dislike the European Union institutions. As well as sharing a common
cultural history, since the end of World War II many factors have led Europeans
to develop a common bond. Among these are common democratic and social values,
greater contact through travel and study (e.g. the Erasmus program but also
cheap foreign holidays), closer economic and cultural ties and shared
prosperity. While it would be inaccurate to see most of these developments as
the product of the EU, the EU has been a constant supporter and beneficiary of
this process. However, against a background of economic stagnation (the loss of
the promise of ever-greater prosperity) growing tensions in Europe over
immigrants and immigration (focused mainly on non-EU citizens and perhaps due
mainly to the sudden scale of the phenomenon and slow economic growth), and
fears about the rise of homegrown terrorism, concerns have been raised about
how far and how fast the multicultural project can go. However, any decline in
the popularity of the EU institutions and the rise of nationalist parties
cannot be automatically read as a rejection of the idea of European identity in
itself.
http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/03/28/the-dis-integration-of-europe/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism
https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/analisi318_vidino-marone.pdf
https://time.com/4113864/paris-attacks-isis-homegrown-terrorism/
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/12/july7.uksecurity6
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/01/spain.international
See also ‘Homegrown Terrorism’
on our blog, 12 April 2018
https://youngdip.blogspot.com/2018/04/homegrown-islamist-terrorism.html
Cultural Diplomacy
Definition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy
http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy
Italian
Cultural Diplomacy
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/
as a linked activity
https://www.esteri.it/en/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/reteiic/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/universita/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/cooperculturale/
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/cultura/sostegno-alleditoria/
http://www.culturaitaliana.it/hm/atti/5_ruolo.html
https://www.esteri.it/it/diplomazia-culturale-e-diplomazia-scientifica/
https://italiana.esteri.it/italiana/
http://www.iiclosangeles.esteri.it/iic_losangeles/en/
https://iicbuenosaires.esteri.it/it/lingua-e-cultura/i-corsi-di-lingua/
and the EU
https://culture.ec.europa.eu/policies/international-cultural-relations
https://youth.europa.eu/solidarity/opportunity/31174_en
https://www.cultureinexternalrelations.eu/
https://europeanmovement.eu/policy/policy-position-on-culture-and-cultural-heritage/
https://europeanculturalcentre.eu/
https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/topics/culture_en
and more generally https://bakpakguide.com/europe/europe101/intro/cultural-exchange-programs.shtml
Have a look at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTb1JMVIjbXXDvN1ldghMww
YouTube
https://www.facebook.com/ItalyMFA.it/
Facebook
and some Italian Cultural
Institutes to see what’s on at the moment in 2024. For example:
https://iicparigi.esteri.it/iic_parigi/it/
https://iicparigi.esteri.it/it/gli_eventi/calendario/mostra-domenico-notarangelo-pasolini-a-matera/
https://iicberlino.esteri.it/iic_berlino/it/
https://iiclondra.esteri.it/iic_londra/it/
https://iiclondra.esteri.it/it/news/dall_istituto/2024/10/puccini-opera-meets-new-media/
https://iiclondra.esteri.it/it/gli_eventi/calendario/journey-to-italy-series-abruzzo-la-strada/
https://iicosaka.esteri.it/it/
https://iicosaka.esteri.it/it/gli_eventi/calendario/mostra-giorgio-de-chirico-metaphysical-journey/
https://iicpechino.esteri.it/iic_pechino/it/
https://iicwashington.esteri.it/iic_washington/it/
You should also look at ‘Culture Matters - The Real Obstacles to Latin American Development’ by former President of Costa Rica and human rights campaigner, Oscar Arias for a description of how culture can have negative as well as positive effects.
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