Free site with English language practice exercises and answers for Cambridge, TOEFL and other exams

The first link is to C1 level, but explore the site:

https://www.examenglish.com/CAE/cae_reading_use_of_english.html

https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/index.html

https://www.examenglish.com/vocabulary/academic_wordlist.html

https://www.examenglish.com/TOEFL/index.php

‘Between’ and ‘among’

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/between-among/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwK2P7N2B_QIVzQaLCh21lwC3EAAYASAAEgJrTvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/grammatica/grammatica-britannico/between-or-among

https://www.terminologiaetc.it/2018/07/09/uso-traduzione-among-between/

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=11243

https://www.englishpractice.com/quiz/exercise-11/

http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-exercises-prepositions-test-9.html#.X_Lg99hKjIU

http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/between-versus-among?page=all

Quantifiers

Explanation

https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/exercises/what-are-quantifiers

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/much-many-a-lot-of-lots-of-quantifiers

https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Quantifiers_1.pdf

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/a1-a2-grammar/quantifiers-few-a-few-little-a-bit

Exercises

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/quantifiers.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/mengen.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/mengen.htm

https://www.grammarbank.com/a-little-a-few-exercise.html

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/quantifiers-quantity-exercises.html

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/much-many-little-few-some-any/

https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/quantifiers/quanitifiers-index.htm

Ukraine

 https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/russia-ucraina-i-nodi-da-sciogliere-per-arrivare-alla-pace-spiegati-in-6-grafici-204124

The decline in shipping through the Suez Canal and the effect on Italy's ports and supply lines

https://www.freightwaves.com/news/suez-canal-revenue-down-60-but-red-sea-outlook-may-be-changing

https://www.natwest.com/corporates/insights/markets/trade-tracker-a-turning-point-in-the-red-sea-shipping-crisis.html#:~:text=Geopolitics%20has%20had%20a%20big%20impact%20on%20maritime%20trade&text=In%20fact%2C%20volumes%20passing%20through,60%25%20over%20the%20same%20period.

https://www.thearabtoday.com/suez-canal-earnings-in-egypt-drop-60-in-2024-because-of-red-sea-conflicts/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/euro-mediterranean-ports-and-the-impacts-of-the-red-sea-crisis-insights-and-key-data-191220

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/italian-ports-fear-blow-business-red-sea-crisis-2024-01-17/

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-10-2024-001436_EN.html 

More on the BRICS

http://en.people.cn/n3/2025/0109/c90000-20263624.html

https://www.csis.org/blogs/latest-southeast-asia/latest-southeast-asia-indonesia-joins-brics

https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/joining-brics-indonesia-sticks-with-multi-alignment-strategy/

https://eastasiaforum.org/2025/02/04/indonesias-bold-step-into-brics-and-beyond/

More on the Arctic

https://news.yahoo.com/news/putin-sends-clear-warning-trump-232300445.html

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_219529.htm

https://www.americansecurityproject.org/natos-urgent-arctic-defense-strategy-countering-russia-and-securing-key-resources-amid-rising-geopolitical-tensions/

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-week-take-five-week-17-march-2025/

https://brigatafolgore.net/en/arctic-shield-2025-army-arctic-innovation/

https://interreg.eu/news-stories/interreg-aurora-connecting-the-arctic-to-the-space-economy/

https://phys.org/news/2025-03-finnish-space-center-climate-front.html#google_vignette

https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/ESA_and_Finland_pave_the_way_towards_a_supersite_for_Earth_observation

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/18/americas/arctic-canada-australia-radar-intl-latam/index.html

https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/norwegian-armed-forces-full-broadband-coverage-arctic

Europe and Ukraine

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/27/european-chiefs-agree-not-the-time-lift-sanctions-against-russia

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-allies-meet-with-new-aid-security-assurances-mind-2025-03-27/

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/leuropa-dei-volenterosi-204059

Türkiye update

https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2025-march-27/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/imamoglus-arrest-shakes-turkey-to-its-core-204042

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqlywl04pklo

More on Africa - see the post of 3 November 2024

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/global-gateway/global-gateway-overview_en#:~:text=Why%20Global%20Gateway%3F-,What%20is%20Global%20Gateway%3F,Representative%20launched%20it%20in%202021.

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/global-gateway/initiatives-sub-saharan-africa/eu-africa-global-gateway-investment-package_en

https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/c05/mattei-plan-one-year

https://www.assafrica.it/

https://www.ice.it/en/markets/south-africa

https://www.ice.it/it/node/10131

More on AI

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai

https://www.pickl.ai/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-generative-ai/#:~:text=Generative%20AI%20is%20revolutionising%20industries,environmental%20impact%2C%20demand%20careful%20attention.

https://generative-ai.leeds.ac.uk/intro-gen-ai/strengths-and-weaknesses/

https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/12/15/potentially-disastrous-for-innovation-tech-sector-says-eu-ai-act-goes-too-far

https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/21/google-meta-execs-blast-europe-over-strict-ai-regulation.html

but https://www.wexecutive.eu/post/basta-scuse-il-problema-dellai-in-europa-non-e-la-regolamentazione

https://www.confindustria.it/home/centro-studi/prodotti/EDV/rapporto/capitolo/Tendenze+delle+imprese+e+dei+sistemi+industriali/rapporto-ingenium-2025/8f3bacec-6a25-496d-a78c-325d85a644d3

https://www.confindustria.it/wcm/connect/2525b3bb-7180-4ca3-9b8b-2ce449f6e946/Volume_Fabbrica_Europa.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-2525b3bb-7180-4ca3-9b8b-2ce449f6e946-oTblRv1

The role of Türkiye

https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-04-03/turkey-and-european-union-a-maze-disputes   excellent – very clear on EU-Turkish relations!

https://www.esteri.it/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2023/02/un-piano-strategico-per-la-regione-adriatico-balcanica/

https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/news-analysis/5-focal-points-of-turkish-foreign-policy-in-2025

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/17/russia-ukraine-black-sea-grain-deal-all-you-need-to-know

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137336565/the-u-n-says-russia-agrees-to-extend-ukrainian-grain-exports

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-suspends-participation-deal-ukraine-grain-exports-tass-2022-10-29/

https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/ukraines-grain-exports-are-crucial-to-africas-food-security/

https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/turkey-russia-ukraine/

https://www.euronews.com/2024/11/01/russia-criticises-turkey-for-supplying-weapons-to-ukraine-while-offering-to-broker-peace

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-supports-ukraines-nato-membership-zelensky

https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-role-can-turkey-play-ukraine-negotiations

https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/understanding-turkiyes-entanglement-with-russia?lang=en

https://www.dw.com/en/iran-turkey-ties-tested-by-assads-downfall-in-syria/a-71037109

https://nordicmonitor.com/2025/01/turkish-government-controlled-think-tank-warns-of-irans-potential-support-for-pkk-and-anti-drone-technology/

https://millingandgrain.com/turkey-and-iran-sign-agricultural-cooperation-agreement/

https://www.mfa.gov.tr/iran-rusya-ve-turkiye-temsilcileri-tarafindan-yapilan-astana-formatindaki-suriye-konulu-22-yuksek-duzeyli-toplanti-ya-iliskin-ortak-bildiri-11-12-kasim-2024.en.mfa

https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview#:~:text=of%20Q2%202024.-,OUTLOOK,up%20at%203.8%25%20in%202026.

https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/TUR

https://turningpointmag.org/2024/12/27/turkeys-2024-elections-a-struggle-for-democracy-amid-authoritarian-backlash/

https://mei.edu/publications/turkey-after-2024-elections-transition-democracy-or-bumpy-road-authoritarian

https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44000

The security situation in the Sahel

As background: https://mecouncil.org/publication/crisis-sahel-causes-and-consequences-of-the-conflict-me-council/#:~:text=The%20Sahelian%20states%20have%20faced,microcosm%20of%20the%20region's%20troubles.

Then: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YVZwPlQugc very good

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/reorienting-europes-approach-in-the-sahel

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/chad-mauritania-pave-way-to-dissolve-g5-anti-rebel-alliance

https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/13/borrell-the-eu-has-failed-to-strengthen-democracy-in-the-sahel/

 https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/situations/sahel-situation

 https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/war-displacement-and-jihadism-high-stakes-for-the-sahel-191571

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/Tocta_Sahel.html

https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15950.doc.htm

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-end-of-european-cooperation-in-the-sahel-179037

https://tomorrowsaffairs.com/sahel-likely-to-face-even-deadlier-violence-in-2025

https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/sahel-dashboard-humanitarian-overview-3-march-2025

 https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/grey-rhinos-2025-il-sahel-195516

https://www.ifad.org/en/west-and-central-africa/sahel#:~:text=The%20political%20region%20of%20the,The%20region%20faces%20many%20challenges.

 https://www.startinsight.eu/en/italys-strategic-role-in-the-sahel-challenges-and-opportunities-after-the-french-withdrawal/

https://mp.luiss.it/archives/strategic-choices-in-the-sahel-a-vademecum-for-italy/

https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-08/undp_sahel_offer_implementation_report_en.pdf

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/italia-in-sahel-tra-priorita-nazionali-e-politiche-europee-135187

https://iari.site/2024/09/13/la-confederazione-degli-stati-del-sahel-quali-scenari-per-la-sicurezza/

https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/07/25/italy-niger-s-last-western-partner_6697782_124.html

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/it/press/press-releases/2024/11/18/sahel-eu-appoints-joao-cravinho-as-new-special-representative-for-the-sahel-region/

https://pagineesteri.it/2025/01/10/in-evidenza/italia-niger-piano-di-cooperazione-militare-2025/

https://ambniamey.esteri.it/it/italia-e-niger/

http://www.libertaciviliimmigrazione.dlci.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/progetti_di_sostegno_allo_sviluppo_2025-2027.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin

https://www.ft.com/content/d0af5533-ecdd-4be0-bbb8-e5b3e4bb11b4

https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/niger-missione-bilaterale-supporto/default/28246.html

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/italy-in-the-sahel-national-priorities-and-european-policies-138272

https://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1644

https://www.iom.int/news/new-unhcr-iom-mmc-report-highlights-extreme-horrors-faced-migrants-and-refugees-land-routes-africas-mediterranean-coast

https://acleddata.com/conflict-watchlist-2024/sahel/

https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/niger-missione-bilaterale-supporto/notizie-teatro/misin-prosegue-ciclo-addestrativo-forze-armate-nigerine/63831.html

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b205-eight-priorities-african-union-2025  number 5

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-economic-community-of-west-african-states-ecowas-a-region-and-an-organisation-at-a-crossroads-172641

https://icct.nl/publication/counter-terrorism-sahel-increased-instability-and-political-tensions 

The main challenges facing the European Union in 2025

https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine_en

https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/european-defence-fund-over-eu1-billion-drive-next-generation-defence-technologies-and-innovation-2025-01-30_en

https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/news/bold-investment-and-nato-collaboration-key-stepping-european-defence

https://www.eunews.it/en/2025/03/12/defence-eu-parliament-clears-way-for-rearmament-plan-pd-divided-m5s-and-lega-opposed/

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_232734.htm?selectedLocale=en

https://www.eunews.it/en/2025/03/12/eu-responds-to-trumps-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-with-26-billion-euros-in-tariffs-on-us-products/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohYKA2PvuaI

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/07/europe/nato-ukraine-survive-without-united-states-analysis-intl-hnk-ml/index.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcRbDlqLDlU

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/how-europe-views-trump-three-camps-on-a-fluid-map-199184

https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-competitiveness/draghi-report_en

https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en

https://www.smeunited.eu/news/europes-economy-still-in-stagnation

https://piernext.portdebarcelona.cat/en/governance/the-future-of-innovation-in-europe-the-response-to-the-draghi-report/

https://revolve.media/features/a-new-era-for-the-european-green-deal-summary-and-financing

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-green-finance-row-back-sets-climate-investment-challenge-2025-02-27/

https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/europes-digital-decade-digital-targets-2030_en

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/cybersecurity-strategy

and the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), but the site gets blocked sometimes:

https://www.enisa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-11/ENISA%20Threat%20Landscape%202024_0.pdf

https://commission.europa.eu/news/migration-commission-proposes-new-european-approach-returns-2025-03-11_en

https://www.dw.com/en/eu-plans-to-deport-more-migrants-create-return-hubs/a-71893769

https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/02/10/brussels-scrambles-to-defend-migration-pact-after-donald-tusks-refusal-to-comply

https://www.icmpd.org/news/migration-outlook-2025-inflows-to-europe-stabilise-but-trump-2.0-ukraine-and-syria-pose-looming-challenges-for-the-eu

https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine_en

The battle for democracy and human rights

 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict

https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/03/syria-un-commission-calls-renewed-commitment-peace-justice-and-human-rights

 https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores

https://rsf.org/en/2024-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-under-political-pressure

https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/03/1161126

https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/ohchr-reports/ohchr-report-2023.pdf

https://www.hrw.org/the-day-in-human-rights/2025/03/10

https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2024/2023%20EU%20country%20updates%20on%20human%20rights%20and%20democracy_0.pdf

https://eupolcopps.eu/uploads/17259689171835252362.pdf

https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/7200/2024/en/

https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/FIW_2024_DigitalBooklet.pdf

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/syria

https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2024/08/elections-2024-democracy-autocracy-assessment?lang=en

https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2024/

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/09/iran-two-years-after-woman-life-freedom-uprising-impunity-for-crimes-reigns-supreme/

https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/12/05/shocking-levels-of-democratic-backsliding-across-europe-ex-justice-commissioner-jourova

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240223IPR18084/parliament-calls-for-action-against-the-erosion-of-eu-values-in-member-states

https://www.euronews.com/2025/03/17/rule-of-law-deteriorates-across-the-eu-finds-report

https://democratic-erosion.org/2025/02/12/anti-democratic-populism-in-former-satellite-states/

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/oct/23/global-rise-populism-causing-authoritarianism-africa-mo-ibrahim-governance-index

https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2024/dec/23/did-democracy-survive-the-2024-global-election-marathon

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/28/authoritarianism-trump-freedom-house-democracy/

https://unipd-centrodirittiumani.it/en/news/freedom-house-freedom-in-the-world-2025-report-has-been-released-the-uphill-battle-to-safeguard-rights

https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule

More on nuclear power - see previous notes

https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/nuclear-disarmament-the-end-of-history/

https://www.iaea.org/publications/reports/annual-report/2023

https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/plans-for-new-reactors-worldwide

https://www.iaea.org/topics/non-proliferation-treaty

https://www.armscontrol.org/issue-briefs/2025-03/art-new-iranian-nuclear-deal-2025

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster

https://italiarappdisarmo.esteri.it/en/il-disarmo/la-conferenza-del-disarmo/

https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2025-03/news/trump-says-us-open-nuclear-talks

https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-tusk-plan-train-poland-men-military-service-russia/

https://www.ifri.org/en/media-external-article/europe-thinks-unthinkable-nuclear-bomb

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Tw1GPjHvF8

https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2025/03/12/the-fact-that-the-debate-on-a-european-nuclear-deterrent-is-open-shows-the-extent-of-the-current-upheaval_6739066_23.html

https://spectator.clingendael.org/en/publication/eu-must-step-nuclear-non-proliferation

https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/03/france-should-join-natos-nuclear-sharing-arrangements-strengthen-european-deterrence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/global-nuclear-warhead-stockpiles-1945-2024/

North Africa

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/4/a-mockery-mass-trial-begins-in-tunisia-of-political-opponents

https://reliefweb.int/report/egypt/egypt-repression-rising-poverty-sisis-second-decade-enarit

https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Egypt-Egyptian-economy-remains-vulnerable-despite-positive-momentum-2/11/2025,51320

https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/16/egypt-repression-rising-poverty-sisis-second-decade

https://reliefweb.int/report/egypt/egypt-sudan-situation-socioeconomic-profile-january-2025

https://www.mppn.org/multidimensional-poverty-in-egypt-an-in-depth-analysis/

https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2025/03/11/pr-2558-egypt-imf-completes-4th-rev-eff-arrangement-under-rsf-concl-2025-art-iv-consult

https://reliefweb.int/report/egypt/egypt-repression-rising-poverty-sisis-second-decade-enarit

https://www.specialeurasia.com/2025/03/19/libya-imen-chaanbi/

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/libya

https://dayan.org/content/algerias-presidential-election-enduring-stagnation

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/algeria-prove-di-continuita-198367

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/algeria-and-italy-a-new-era-scattered-with-challenges-183086

https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/italy-and-algeria-sign-agreement-high-tech-regenerative-agriculture/26192

https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/23/italian-pm-meloni-eyes-boost-in-strong-energy-ties-with-algeria/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/charting-risky-waters-italy-and-khalifa-haftars-role-in-libya-134318

https://www.operationirini.eu/about-us/

https://www.operationirini.eu/about-us/

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/reorienting-europes-approach-in-the-sahel

https://www.futureagenda.org/foresights/rising-youth-unemployment/

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/global-gateway/initiatives-sub-saharan-africa/eu-africa-global-gateway-investment-package_en

https://resourcegovernance.org/publications/eu-north-africa-energy-partnerships-win-win-formula-possible

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/war-displacement-and-jihadism-high-stakes-for-the-sahel-191571

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/morocco-eu-relations-navigating-sovereignty-concerns-and-growing-interdependence-181487

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/morocco-and-western-sahara

https://formiche.net/2024/03/energia-ue-italia-marocco/#content

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/2/italy-complicit-in-crimes-for-renewing-pact-with-libya-ngos

Digital diplomacy

http://www.twiplomacy.it/

https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/en/news/dall_ambasciata/2024/12/social-media-e-disinformazione-nelle-campagne-elettorali-al-centro-dellultimo-appuntamento-della-digital-diplomacy-series-dellambasciata-ditalia-a-washington/

https://www.unibocconi.it/en/news/embassies-20-doing-diplomacy-social-networks

https://washdiplomat.com/can-online-tools-replace-traditional-face-to-face-exchange/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGGtWYo7ANw

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en

https://www.agendadigitale.eu/sicurezza/la-diplomazia-e-le-sfide-dellera-digitale-ecco-perche-ce-ne-sempre-piu-bisogno/

https://www.ie.edu/uncover-ie/digital-diplomacy-where-tech-meets-international-relations/

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2024/10/21/lessons-in-public-diplomacy-from-italys-covid-19-response/

https://www.unibocconi.it/en/news/contemporary-diplomacy-also-means-digital-technology

The EU and deeper integration?

 https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/coronavirus-response/public-health/eu-vaccines-strategy_en#:~:text=Since%20then%2C%20the%20European%20Commission,least%20once%20against%20the%20virus.

https://reform-support.ec.europa.eu/what-we-do/recovery-and-resilience-plans_en

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-response-russia-military-aggression-against-ukraine-archive/

https://europeanmovement.eu/policy-focus/1000-days-of-war-in-ukraine/

https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/mercosur/eu-mercosur-agreement_en

https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/negotiations-and-agreements_en

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations#:~:text=Both%20countries%20are%20full%20members,and%20Co%2Doperation%20in%20Europe.&text=Hungary%20is%20highly%20dependent%20on,been%20described%20as%20pro%2DPutin.

https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/freedom-world/2024

https://ruleoflaw.lisboncouncil.net/country/sk

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240223IPR18084/parliament-calls-for-action-against-the-erosion-of-eu-values-in-member-states

https://www.euronews.com/2025/03/17/rule-of-law-deteriorates-across-the-eu-finds-report

https://philea.eu/opinions/democracy-at-the-crossroads-a-call-to-action-for-europes-funders/

https://agendapublica.es/noticia/19115/slovakia-democratic-backslide

https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/f80922dd-932d-4c4a-a18c-d800837fbb23_en

https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/eu60_8.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe

https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-explainer-two-speed-multispeed-europe/28396591.html

The EU and further enlargement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#:~:text=As%20of%202025%2C%20the%20enlargement,%3A%20Georgia%2C%20Moldova%2C%20and%20Ukraine

https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/12/12/public-opinion-split-on-eu-enlargement-as-leaders-gear-up-for-crunch-decisions interesting

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2024.2444326#abstract

https://aspeniaonline.it/benefits-and-drawbacks-of-eu-accession-for-the-western-balkans/

https://www.esteri.it/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2023/02/un-piano-strategico-per-la-regione-adriatico-balcanica/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union

https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-04-03/turkey-and-european-union-a-maze-disputes   very clear on EU-Turkish relations!

https://institute.global/insights/geopolitics-and-security/the-benefits-and-opportunities-of-ukraines-eu-accession

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union

https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/georgias-pro-kremlin-authorities-intensify-crackdown-on-opposition/

https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/european-neighbourhood-policy/countries-region/moldova_en

https://www.clingendael.org/publication/north-macedonias-eu-path-challenges-and-opportunities-2025

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area

https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/02/24/three-years-into-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine-europe-weakened-by-anti-system-and-far-right-movements_6738518_4.html