The security situation in the Sahel

As background: https://mecouncil.org/publication/crisis-sahel-causes-and-consequences-of-the-conflict-me-council/#:~:text=The%20Sahelian%20states%20have%20faced,microcosm%20of%20the%20region's%20troubles.

Then: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YVZwPlQugc very good

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/reorienting-europes-approach-in-the-sahel

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/chad-mauritania-pave-way-to-dissolve-g5-anti-rebel-alliance

https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/13/borrell-the-eu-has-failed-to-strengthen-democracy-in-the-sahel/

 https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/situations/sahel-situation

 https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/war-displacement-and-jihadism-high-stakes-for-the-sahel-191571

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/Tocta_Sahel.html

https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15950.doc.htm

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-end-of-european-cooperation-in-the-sahel-179037

https://tomorrowsaffairs.com/sahel-likely-to-face-even-deadlier-violence-in-2025

https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/sahel-dashboard-humanitarian-overview-3-march-2025

 https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/grey-rhinos-2025-il-sahel-195516

https://www.ifad.org/en/west-and-central-africa/sahel#:~:text=The%20political%20region%20of%20the,The%20region%20faces%20many%20challenges.

 https://www.startinsight.eu/en/italys-strategic-role-in-the-sahel-challenges-and-opportunities-after-the-french-withdrawal/

https://mp.luiss.it/archives/strategic-choices-in-the-sahel-a-vademecum-for-italy/

https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-08/undp_sahel_offer_implementation_report_en.pdf

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/italia-in-sahel-tra-priorita-nazionali-e-politiche-europee-135187

https://iari.site/2024/09/13/la-confederazione-degli-stati-del-sahel-quali-scenari-per-la-sicurezza/

https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/07/25/italy-niger-s-last-western-partner_6697782_124.html

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/it/press/press-releases/2024/11/18/sahel-eu-appoints-joao-cravinho-as-new-special-representative-for-the-sahel-region/

https://pagineesteri.it/2025/01/10/in-evidenza/italia-niger-piano-di-cooperazione-militare-2025/

https://ambniamey.esteri.it/it/italia-e-niger/

http://www.libertaciviliimmigrazione.dlci.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/progetti_di_sostegno_allo_sviluppo_2025-2027.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin

https://www.ft.com/content/d0af5533-ecdd-4be0-bbb8-e5b3e4bb11b4

https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/niger-missione-bilaterale-supporto/default/28246.html

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/italy-in-the-sahel-national-priorities-and-european-policies-138272

https://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1644

https://www.iom.int/news/new-unhcr-iom-mmc-report-highlights-extreme-horrors-faced-migrants-and-refugees-land-routes-africas-mediterranean-coast

https://acleddata.com/conflict-watchlist-2024/sahel/

https://www.difesa.it/operazionimilitari/op-intern-corso/niger-missione-bilaterale-supporto/notizie-teatro/misin-prosegue-ciclo-addestrativo-forze-armate-nigerine/63831.html

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b205-eight-priorities-african-union-2025  number 5

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-economic-community-of-west-african-states-ecowas-a-region-and-an-organisation-at-a-crossroads-172641

https://icct.nl/publication/counter-terrorism-sahel-increased-instability-and-political-tensions