North Africa

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/4/a-mockery-mass-trial-begins-in-tunisia-of-political-opponents

https://reliefweb.int/report/egypt/egypt-repression-rising-poverty-sisis-second-decade-enarit

https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Egypt-Egyptian-economy-remains-vulnerable-despite-positive-momentum-2/11/2025,51320

https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/16/egypt-repression-rising-poverty-sisis-second-decade

https://reliefweb.int/report/egypt/egypt-sudan-situation-socioeconomic-profile-january-2025

https://www.mppn.org/multidimensional-poverty-in-egypt-an-in-depth-analysis/

https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2025/03/11/pr-2558-egypt-imf-completes-4th-rev-eff-arrangement-under-rsf-concl-2025-art-iv-consult

https://reliefweb.int/report/egypt/egypt-repression-rising-poverty-sisis-second-decade-enarit

https://www.specialeurasia.com/2025/03/19/libya-imen-chaanbi/

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/libya

https://dayan.org/content/algerias-presidential-election-enduring-stagnation

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/algeria-prove-di-continuita-198367

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/algeria-and-italy-a-new-era-scattered-with-challenges-183086

https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/italy-and-algeria-sign-agreement-high-tech-regenerative-agriculture/26192

https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/23/italian-pm-meloni-eyes-boost-in-strong-energy-ties-with-algeria/

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/charting-risky-waters-italy-and-khalifa-haftars-role-in-libya-134318

https://www.operationirini.eu/about-us/

https://www.operationirini.eu/about-us/

https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/reorienting-europes-approach-in-the-sahel

https://www.futureagenda.org/foresights/rising-youth-unemployment/

https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/global-gateway/initiatives-sub-saharan-africa/eu-africa-global-gateway-investment-package_en

https://resourcegovernance.org/publications/eu-north-africa-energy-partnerships-win-win-formula-possible

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/war-displacement-and-jihadism-high-stakes-for-the-sahel-191571

https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/morocco-eu-relations-navigating-sovereignty-concerns-and-growing-interdependence-181487

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/morocco-and-western-sahara

https://formiche.net/2024/03/energia-ue-italia-marocco/#content

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/2/italy-complicit-in-crimes-for-renewing-pact-with-libya-ngos