Articolo 11 della Costituzione Italiana

L'Italia ripudia la guerra come strumento di offesa alla libertà degli altri popoli e come mezzo di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali; consente, in condizioni di parità con gli altri Stati, alle limitazioni di sovranità necessarie ad un ordinamento che assicuri la pace e la giustizia fra le Nazioni; promuove e favorisce le organizzazioni internazionali rivolte a tale scopo.

https://www.senato.it/1025?sezione=118&articolo_numero_articolo=1 1

Article 11 of the Constitution of Italy says:

Italy rejects war as an instrument of aggression against the freedom of other peoples and as a means for the settlement of international disputes. Italy agrees, on conditions of equality with other States, to the limitations of sovereignty that may be necessary to a world order ensuring peace and justice among the Nations. Italy promotes and encourages international organisations having such ends.

http://www.educational.rai.it/materiali/pdf_articoli/2212 2.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement

Some general background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy

division of Italian diplomatic history into 3 phases?

Italy is considered to be both a major regional power and a middle power with membership in prominent institutions or groups such as the UN, the EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, the G4 in the European Union, G6, G7, G8, G10, G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) and the Uniting for Consensus group (nicknamed the Coffee Club) at the UN. Italy currently (2019) maintains the world's tenth-largest nominal defense budget

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures

11^th strongest for firepower

https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=italy

and is a participant in the NATO nuclear sharing policy. During 2017, Italy was a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council by virtue of its election on 28 June 2016 and in compliance with the Hague Convention providing for the division of the 2017-2018 two-year mandate with Holland.

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/01/l-italia-in-consiglio-di-sicurezza.html

Italy was a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative. Its recent or upcoming turns in the rotating presidency of international organizations include the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in 2018, the G7 in 2017 and the from July to December 2014. Italy is also a recurrent non-permanent member of the EU Council, as mentioned above, most recently in 2017. On 1 January 2019, Italy took over the rotating Presidency of the Central European Initiative (CEI).

http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/eu/regional-initiatives/cei

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/aree_geografiche/europa/ooii/presidenza-italiana-iniziativa-centro-europeo.html

The 3 circles (see the sections on different areas towards the end of this post) approach to Italian foreign policy and some general considerations and criticism:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23248823.2018.1544352

http://mediterraneanaffairs.com/italy-three-circle-approach-foreign-policy /

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/it.ht m

https://irsocietyjcu.wordpress.com/2016/02/14/italys-foreign-policy-by-giuseppe-spatafora/comment-page-1 /

http://www.iai.it/en/area/politica-estera-italiana/ricerca

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03932729.2016.1108613?src=recsys&journalCode=rspe20

Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities.

http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2017/04/13/peacekeeping-contributor-profile-italy-2-2017/

https://www.difesa.it/Pagine/default.aspx

http://www.today.it/politica/missioni-italia-estero.html

Main activities, operations and military commitments

http://www.limesonline.com/crisi-libia-haftar-serraj-italia-guerra-missione-militare/112041?prv=true good 2019 map

See the 2017 map of current operations on pages 6-7 here:

https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/Periodico_2017/Documents/Numero3/ID-3_2017_ridotto.pdf

See also the operations of the Italian Armed Forces highlighted in 2015 on a map of the Afro-Eurasia area:

http://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/Pagine/OperazioniMilitari.aspx or on

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/Documents/Mappa_Operazioni_Militari_IT_ultima.pdf

and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces#Operations

The number of Italian uniformed personnel in UN-led peacekeeping operations surged in 2006 with the expansion of UNIFIL in Lebanon. The current Head of Mission and Force Commander, General Stefano Del Col (appointed in August 2018), is the fourth Italian General to hold this office since 2007. As of 31 August 2019, UNIFIL's force consists of a total 10,245. From a peak of almost 3,000 troops in February 2008, Italian uniformed UN peacekeepers were reduced to 1,108 in December 2011, and their number has remained substantially stable as of August 2019 (1068).

https://unifil.unmissions.org/

Apart from UNIFIL, in Italy participated with military observers and staff officers in three other UN-led missions, MINUSMA in Mali, UNMIK in Kosovo and UNFICYP in Cyprus and the Italian Army is currently engaged in the missions listed here:

http://www.esercito.difesa.it/Operazioni/Operazioni_oltremare

as well as being part of NATO's Advanced Forward Presence in the Baltic.

Italy is also active in the training of the police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions. Over 10 thousand Police Units from over 130 countries have been trained at the Centre of Excellence for the Stability Police Units (CoESPU) in Vicenza since 2006. Training has been provided in the areas of international human rights, tackling gender-based violence, the protection of children in conflict situations and restoration of the rule of law. Italy hosts a United Nations Logistics Base in Brindisi that provides logistical support to all UN peacekeeping operations in its role as a “Global Service Centre”, including in information science and telecommunications. It is also emerging as a centre of excellence and innovation in managing the environmental impact of UN operations.

https://www.onuitalia.com/2019/05/29/peacekeeping-day-italy-reaffirms-commitment-to-protecting-civilians-in-conflict-areas/

Overall deployment abroad in both UN and non-UN missions peaked at nearly 8,700 in 2005 and has subsequently ranged between 5,500 and 8,000. In January 2019 there were over 6,000 uniformed Italian personnel deployed abroad in 34 missions.

https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1161188.pdf?_1560509858868 https://www.ilmessaggero.it/italia/militari_italiani_estero_dove_sono-4261852.html

https://www.dirittiglobali.it/2019/06/nel-2019-oltre-un-miliardo-per-le-missioni-militari-allestero-spiccioli-per-la-cooperazione/

Currently, these include the presence is in Lebanon (UNIFIL 1072 personnel),

http://documenti.camera.it/leg18/dossier/pdf/DI0124.pdf?_1566571819920

in Afghanistan, (NATO Resolute Support Mission (RSM 895 personnel),

https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_06/20190625_2019-06-RSM-Placemat.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Police_Mission_in_Afghanistan

in the Mediterranean Sea (EUNAVFOR MED Sophia, 520 personnel)

https://www.dirittiglobali.it/2019/06/nel-2019-oltre-un-miliardo-per-le-missioni-militari-allestero-spiccioli-per-la-cooperazione/

See also the notes on the migration and refugee crisis on this blog;

http://youngdip.blogspot.it/2017/09/how-should-italy-and-eu-respond-to.html

and the update we will add this year.

in the NATO Joint Enterprise in the Balkans (538 personnel)

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/KFOR/Pagine/default.aspx

http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48818.ht m

KFOR comes under a single chain of command, under the authority of Commander KFOR (COMKFOR). COMKFOR reports to the Commander of Joint Force Command Naples (COM JFCN), Italy. The current COMKFOR is Major General Lorenzo D’Addario

in the Indian Ocean (EUNAVFOR Atalanta, 407 personnel).

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48815.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield

Italy also contributes significantly to the Global Coalition against Daesh 1,100 personnel, with over 250 personneldeployed in Iraq.

http://www.esercito.difesa.it/operazioni/operazioni_oltremare/Pagine/Iraq-Operazione-Prima-Parthica.aspx

in NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence in Latvia (160 troops)

https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_12/20181205_1812-factsheet_efp_en.pdf

http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2017/04/13/peacekeeping-contributor-profile-italy-2-2017/

in the bilateral assistance and support mission in Libya (400 personnel) and more generally, as regards the central Mediterranean area, there is the national air and naval surveillance and security system for this area, Operation Mare Sicuro, including support for the Libyan Coast Guard (754 personnel).

https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1161188.pdf?_1560509858868

See the following:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces

https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=italy

The Italian approach to missions is also important:

https://www.lindro.it/missioni-militari-allestero-uneccellenza-tutta-italiana/

As we have seen, Italy has joined in many UN, NATO and EU operations as well as providing assistance in the Middle East peace process, peacekeeping, and combating the illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.

Under long-standing bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza – home of 173d Airborne Brigade – and Livorno (USA); Aviano(USAF); and Sigonella, Nisida, and Gaeta – home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. Italy hosts the NATO Defence Collegeat Cecchignola, near Rome.

Now go to: http://www.esteri.it/
and then
Home > Politica Estera > Organizzazioni Internazionali > ONU
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/ONU/
http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/temi_globali/diritti_umani/litalia_e_i_diritti_umani.html
http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/organizzazioni_internazionali/onu/onu_ruolo_italia_nel_peacekeeping.html
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/approfondimenti/20090525_ITALIA_NELLONU.pdf
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/ONU/La_Riforma.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/ONU/La_Riforma.htm
also:
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/NATO.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/OSCE.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/COE.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/FondoMonetarioInternazionale.htm
http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Organizzazioni_Internazionali/BancaMondiale.htm

2010 Statement by H.E. Mr. Franco Frattini, Minister for Foreign Affairs at the UN

http://www.un.org/en/ga/65/meetings/generaldebate/View/SpeechView/tabid/85/smid/411/ArticleID/195/reftab/231/t/Italy/Default.html
If you go to this site:
http://www.italyun.esteri.it/rappresentanza_onu
you can choose English as the operating language to read and make notes on the following:
Peace and Security
Human Rights – International Law
The UN Security Council Reform
Italian Contribution to the UN Budget
Have a look at:

https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/196/39962.html

http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Sala_Stampa/ArchivioNotizie/Approfondimenti/2012/05/20120503_Italia_Etiopia.htm

and more recently

https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/italy-returns-to-the-horn-of-arica/

http://mediterraneanaffairs.com/defining-new-italian-role-libya/

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/2019/04/dichiarazione-sulla-libia-approvata-dai-ministri-degli-esteri-del-g7.html

https://www.addresslibya.com/en/archives/49351

Italian Economic Diplomacy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diplomacy

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/diplomaziaeconomica

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/diplomaziaeconomica

https://www.prometeia.it/en/atlas/economic-diplomacy-Italy this says how much it's worth to Italy in billions of euros.

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/promozione-integrata-quanto-vale.html

https://www.adnkronos.com/aki-en/business/2018/02/15/italy-unveils-new-economic-diplomacy-project-help-companies_X6IyFQlwtZiM4Ypv7kwIaJ.html

Expo Milano

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_201 5

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_201 5

http://www.expo2015.org/i t

Destinazione Italia

https://www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/commercio-internazionale/2029984-destinazione-italia-63441770

https://www.leggioggi.it/2014/02/20/il-decreto-destinazione-italia-e-legge-testo-definitivo-e-misure-principali /

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2014/01/20140109_ibac2014.html

https://www.mise.gov.it/index.php/en/2014-06-27-15-06-15/2029306-destinazione-italia-new-policy-to-attract-foreign-investment

https://www.slideshare.net/Palazzo_Chigi/destinazione-italia-english-version

https://www.esteri.it/MAE/approfondimenti/2013/destinazione_italia_130923115504_phpapp02.pdf

http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/images/stories/documenti/DESTINAZIONE_ITALIA_version_EN .PDF

Italy and Trade

https://www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/commercio-internazionale/osservatorio-commercio-internazionale/statistiche-import-export

Cultural Diplomacy

Definition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diplomac y

http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomac y

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cultural_diplomac y

Italian Cultural Diplomacy

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/cultura

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/cooperscientificatecnologica

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2013/06/20130613_bonino_diplomazia.htm l

http://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/cultura/documentazione/normativa .html

http://www.culturaitaliana.it/hm/atti/5_ruolo .html

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/cultura/reteiic.htm l

good examples: http://www.iiclosangeles.esteri.it/iic_losangeles/en /

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/cultura/promozionelinguaitaliana/portale-della-lingua-italiana.htm l

https://www.artribune.com/arti-visive/2019/05/biennale-musei-cultural-diplomacy/

https://www.linguaitaliana.esteri.it/

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/cultura/promozionelinguaitaliana/promozionelibroitaliano.htm l

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2016/07/pechino-mostra-di-goffi-sulla-xxi .html

https://iicjakarta.esteri.it/iic_jakarta/en/gli_eventi/calendario/2019/10/19th-edition-of-the-italian-language.html

for current examples, go to:

https://iiclondra.esteri.it/iic_londra/en/

https://iicwashington.esteri.it/iic_washington/en/

https://iicparigi.esteri.it/iic_parigi/it/

https://iicpechino.esteri.it/iic_pechino/it/

https://iictokyo.esteri.it/iic_tokyo/it/

https://iicmosca.esteri.it/iic_mosca/it/

More on Italy and 'soft power'

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/interviste/2019/07/all-onu-il-soft-power-dell-italia-ambasciatrice-maria-angela-zappia-avvenire.html

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/cultura/reteiic.html

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/vivere-all-italiana.html

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/fare-cinema/torna-fare-cinema-per-promuovere-film-italiani-nel-mondo_0.html

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/ita-cult-med

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/sanremo-giovani-world-tour

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/italian-design-day-idd

https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/promozione-integrata-del-sistema/settimana-della-cucina-italiana

and the EU

https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-2074_en.htm

https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/cultural_diplomacy_factsheet_october_2018_i.pdf

Italy at the UN

Italy was elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the period 2019/2021. Will it be able to energize that body? https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/italia-eletta-al-consiglio-per-i-diritti-umani-dell-onu-per-il-periodo-2019-2021.html

Italy on the UN Security Council in 2017

http://www.conslione.esteri.it/consolato_lione/resource/doc/2017/02/manifesto_cds_2m.pdf

http://www.esteri.it/mae/it/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/01/italia-in-consiglio-di-sicurezza.html

http://www.ambsanjose.esteri.it/ambasciata_sanjose/es/ambasciata/news/dall_ambasciata/2017/02/l-italia-nel-consiglio-di-sicurezza.html

http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2017/01/l-italia-in-consiglio-di-sicurezza.html

Italy's efforts to ban the death penalty at a global level

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_moratorium_on_the_death_penalty

https://www.adnkronos.com/aki-en/politics/2018/10/10/death-penalty-unjustifiable-says-italy_I7L7J9H37LuK5e9IRFUwNL.html

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/2018/12/l-assemblea-generale-dell-onu-ha-votato-una-risoluzione-per-una-moratoria-della-pena-di-morte.html

https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/2016/12/adozione-della-risoluzione-sulla.html

https://fidu.it/en/universal-moratorium-2018/

Italy and reform of the UN Security Council

http://www.italyun.esteri.it/Rappresentanza_ONU/Menu/L_Italia_e_l_ONU/Riforme /

https://www.onuitalia.com/2019/04/04/riforma-cds-ufc-21-seggi-non-permanenti-per-superare-stallo/

http://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/organizzazioni_internazionali/onu/la_riforma .html

https://www.onuitalia.com/2019/05/01/riforma-consiglio-zappia-uniting-for-consensus-punta-sullafrica/

and complications

https://www.lavocedinewyork.com/onu/2019/03/02/francia-e-germania-unite-al-consiglio-di-sicurezza-dellonu-nel-nome-delleuropa/

Italy and the EU

Italy's position on important questions such as: EU

Covid-19

http://www.governo.it/it/coronavirus-misure-del-governo

https://www.confindustria.it/notizie/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zi3S0MDTwsnQ38LUJ8LAwC_Q3CfJ39nA29PY30w8EKDHAARwP9KGL041EQhd_4cP0ovFY4G0MV4DGjIDc0wiDTUREAOpi2UQ!!/?1dmy&mapping=%2Farchivio-news%2Fdettaglio&urile=wcm%3apath%3a%2FConfindustria%2Fsite%2Fhome%2Fnews%2FOrsini-al-Sole24ORE-Nel-Dl-Agosto-servono-misure-urgenti-per-far-ripartire-le-imprese-e-il-paese

https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_crisis_communication_italy_the_coronavirus_and_european_solidari

https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/21/european-leaders-agree-1-82-trillion-covid-19-recovery-fund-and-budget-after-marathon-summ

economic policy,

https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/italys-pm-seeks-eu-reform-as-government-wins-confidence-vote/

https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/2019-european-semester-country-specific-recommendation-commission-recommendation-italy_it.pdf

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/19/italy-avoids-eu-sanctions-after-reaching-2019-budget-agreement

https://www.ft.com/content/8bfcda3a-877c-11e9-97ea-05ac2431f453

background

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-italy/italy-will-follow-eu-economic-policy-guidance-centeno-idUSKCN1LN0RH

https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/italys-di-maio-salvini-slam-eu-debt-warning/

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italy-seeks-new-deal-to-scrap-eu-austerity-as-its-economy-stalls-a7189936.ht ml

http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/700298/European-Union-Italy-prime-minister-Matteo-Renzi-Brussels-austerity-Merkel-E CB

refugee and migration policy

https://www.internazionale.it/bloc-notes/annalisa-camilli/2019/09/10/nuovo-governo-immigrazione

https://www.today.it/politica/nuovo-governo-migranti.html

background

https://www.businessinsider.com/italys-new-leader-says-will-no-longer-be-europes-refugee-camp-2018-6?IR =T

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/01/italy-vows-to-send-home-undocumented-immigran ts

https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/06/07/italys-new-government-wants-to-de port-500000-people

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/italy-s-qu adruple-threat-to-europe

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/23/world/europe/italy-european-u nion.html

EU military cooperation

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_dell%27Unione_europea

https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1105560.pdf

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/it/policies/defence-security/

The European battlegroups

https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/33557/EU%20Battlegroups

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Battlegroup

https://www.eurocorps.org/readiness/european-battle-group/

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/defending-europe-factsheet_en.pdf

http://www.ansa.it/friuliveneziagiulia/notizie/2016/11/21/forze-armate-al-via-esercitazione-european-wind-2016_0de27957-ff5f-4dbb-bef0-bbac9e1467c8.html

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/06/22-euco-security-defence/

http://www.linkiesta.it/it/article/2017/09/13/la-politica-estera-dellunione-europea-senza-un-esercito-siamo-solo-chi/35482/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_European_Union

https://qz.com/1004687/eu-army-europe-dreams-of-a-common-military-but-has-too-many-types-of-tanks/

Italy and NATO

including more on 'Enhanced Forward Presence'

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX4a6d3qNbU

https://www.joint-forces.com/features/11889-nato-enhanced-forward-presence

https://shape.nato.int/efp

https://kariuomene.kam.lt/en/e_f_p.html

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/NATO_Mission_IRAQ/notizie_teatro/Pagine/Missione_in_Lettonia_intenso_ciclo_di_attivita_degli_Alpini.aspx

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/NATO_Mission_IRAQ/notizie_teatro/Pagine/Missione_in_Lettonia_avvicendamento_contingente_italiano.aspx

2015 http://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/Pagine/OperazioniMilitari.aspx

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/Documents/Mappa_Operazioni_Militari_IT_ultima.pdf

http://ritals.altervista.org/le-missioni-italiane-allestero-infografica/?doing_wp_cron=1567672633.4470961093902587890625

2016

http://www.pagina99.it/2016/12/09/missioni-militari-italiane-all-estero-esercito-libia-afghanistan-kosovo/

https://www.babilonmagazine.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Mappa_operazioni_militari_16122016.jpg

2017

http://www.today.it/politica/missioni-italia-estero.html

https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/Periodico_2017/Documents/Numero3/ID-3_2017_ridotto.pdf

https://www.corriere.it/esteri/17_luglio_12/missioni-forze-italiane-all-estero-575b663e-6744-11e7-9cb7-9d56a32dcee8.shtml

2018

https://www.lenius.it/missioni-militari-italiane-nel-mondo/

https://it.insideover.com/schede/politica/missioni-militari-italiane-allestero-le-novita-del-2018.html

2019

https://www.panorama.it/news/esteri/missioni-estero-soldati-italia-militari-afghanistan/

http://www.esercito.difesa.it/Operazioni/Operazioni_oltremare

The Mediterranean, North Africa and Libya

https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean

http://documenti.camera.it/leg18/dossier/pdf/DI0149.pdf

https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/doc/2017/12/med-maeci-eng.pdf

https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1161188.pdf?_1560509858868

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Mare_Sicuro

https://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Pagine/operazione_mare_sicuro_impegno_marina_mediterraneo.aspx

https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/08/09/migrants-stranded-mediterranean-sea-off-italy-no-safe-harbor/1964576001/

http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iairp_24.pdf

http://www.reportdifesa.it/mediterraneo-centrale-mare-aperto-2019-simulata-una-crisi-internazionale-ammiraglio-marzano-bisogna-lavorare-in-team-perche-da-soli-si-fa-poco/

http://www.congedatifolgore.com/it/libia-i-nostri-militari-a-misurata/

https://it.insideover.com/guerra/le-armate-invisibili-in-libia-ecco-tutte-le-forze-straniere.html

http://www.limesonline.com/crisi-libia-haftar-serraj-italia-guerra-missione-militare/112041?prv=true

http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2017/09/05/italy-restoring-libyan-ships-training-coast-guard-pinot_fffabd55-21af-4bff-9f92-8e9ffe708983.html

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-italy-libya/italy-begins-naval-mission-to-help-libya-curb-migrant-flows-idUSKBN1AI1JC

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_S ophia

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_7932.htm

http://www.corriere.it/esteri/16_settembre_14/ospedale-italiano-libia-via-l-operazione-ippocrate-86988d90-79ed-11e6-8c12-dd8263fa3b6d.sht ml

Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUFOR_Althe a

http://www.euforbih.org/

http://www.balkanalysis.com/blog/2016/09/04/italian-security-in-the-mena-and-balkans-part-5-croatia-and-bosnia-herzegovin a/

Africa and Middle East

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU TM_Mali

http://eeas.europa.eu/csdp/missions-and-operations/eutm-som alia/

https://www.diritto.it/immigrazione-quale-cooperazione-della-unione-europea-con-gli-stati-di-vicinato/

https://www.aics.gov.it/home-ita/settori/sviluppo-economico-sostegno-alle-pmi/migrazioni-e-sviluppo/

http://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/EAU/Pagine/default.as px

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Italy_relations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Giulio_Regeni

https://www.eni.com/it_IT/attivita/upstream/modello-esplorativo/zohr-egitto.page

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohr_Field

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/Prima_Parthica/notizie_teatro/Pagine/elenco.aspx

https://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Pagine/missione_iraq_cambio_comando_contingente_italiano.aspx

https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/NATO_ActiveFence/notizie_teatro/Pagine/elenco.aspx

Some further Background Information

The Italian Armed Forces

https://www.forzeitaliane.it/forze-armate

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_italiane as of 2018

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces

The Italian Armed Forces include active personnel in the Italian Army (Esercito Italiano), the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana), The Italian Navy (Marina Militare), Arma dei Carabinieri, Guardia di Finanza and reserve personnel.

Il Bilancio del Ministero della Difesa

Nel suo complesso, il bilancio del Ministero della Difesa sale fino 21.432.2 milioni di euro, con un aumento di 463,3 milioni (+ 2,2%) sui 20.968,9 milioni del 2018.

As part of Operation Enduring Freedom, Italy contributed to the international operation in Afghanistan. Italian forces contributed to ISAF, the NATO force in Afghanistan, and to the Provincial reconstruction team. and deployed a platoon of Carabinieri military police.

The Italian Army did not take part in combat operations of the 2003 Iraq War, dispatching troops only when major combat operations were declared over by the U.S. President George W. Bush. Subsequently Italian troops arrived in the late summer of 2003, and began patrolling Nasiriyah and the surrounding area. Italian participation in the military operations in Iraq was concluded by the end of 2006, with full withdrawal of Italian military personnel except for a small group of about 30 soldiers engaged in providing security for the Italian embassy in Baghdad. Italy played a major role in the 2004-2011 NATO Training Mission to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions.