Europe
https://www.statista.com/statistics/612074/fertility-rates-in-european-countries/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/686020/population-of-europe-by-country-and-gender/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/253383/total-population-of-the-eu-member-states-by-country/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population_growth_rate
Demographic growth and climate change
https://www.un.org/en/desa/population-growth-environmental-degradation-and-climate-change
Demographic data
http://www.fao.org/news/story/it/item/356770/icode/
enough to make one despair!
https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/12/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21-charts
http://www.fao.org/3/cb1907en/CB1907EN.pdf
A great presentation, though perhaps
over-optimistic, by Prof. Hans Rosling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FACK2knC08E
an opposing view:
So is the world overpopulated?
– current world population on 9 November 2023 is
estimated to be between 8.07 and 8.09 billion and continues to rise. http://www.census.gov/popclock/
It reached 6 billion 23 years ago in
October 1999 and 7 billion in October 2011 according to the United Nations
Population Fund.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
Today's
world population is more than double the population in1973 (3.9 billion). http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/
World
population is estimated to rise to 9.7 billion by 2050 and 10.4 - 10.8 billion
by 2100 when it should peak and level off. See the video with Hans Rosling
above.
https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population
In 1900 the
world’s population was only 1.6 billion, about a fifth of today’s total. http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
TOP 15 MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES
(January, 2023)
|
Country |
Population |
|
|
1 |
1,428,627,663 |
|
|
2 |
1,425,671,352 |
|
|
3 |
339,996,563 |
|
|
4 |
277,534,122 |
|
|
5 |
240,485,658 |
|
|
6 |
223,804,632 |
|
|
7 |
216,422,446 |
|
|
8 |
172,954,319 |
|
|
9 |
144,444,359 |
|
|
10 |
128,455,567 |
|
|
11 |
126,527,060 |
|
|
12 |
123,294,513 |
|
|
13 |
117,337,368 |
|
|
14 |
112,716,598 |
|
|
15 |
102,262,808 |
For the latest update with further data:
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/
For a list of the countries with the fastest population growth rates
see:
http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=24
https://www.statista.com/statistics/264687/countries-with-the-highest-population-growth-rate/
Are there now too many human beings?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation
There
is the concept of ‘global population overshoot’ which means that the growth in
human population is going beyond the planet’s ability to replenish itself in
terms of resources and a sustainable environment. Some environmental experts
have argued for an upper limit to sustainable human population, with a range of
figures, from 2-3 billion to 7-8 billion. Others argue that it is a problem of
the distribution of resources and the management of the levels and types of
consumption.
https://unric.org/en/environment-2-august-overshoot-day-for-earths-resources/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_population
The scientific
consensus is that the current population
expansion and accompanying increase in our use of the world’s
resources is linked to threats to the ecosystem. The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was
ratified by 58 member national
academies in 1994, called the growth in human numbers
"unprecedented", and stated that
many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution, were aggravated by the population expansion. At the
time, the world population stood at 5.5 billion, and optimistic scenarios
predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a figure that current estimates show
has already been reached. The rapid growth in global population thus has
dramatic direct consequences for the number of people in the developing world
(particularly in poor countries in Asia and Africa) who already face or may
soon face starvation, hunger or malnutrition as well as serious consequences
for sustainable global development (given the ultimately finite nature of
fossil fuel reserves and raw materials such as minerals, chemicals and rare
metals) and a range of environmental issues. Though the percentage of people
living in extreme poverty fell up to 2019, the percentage living in relative
poverty remained high. Moreover, a large number of people were living just
above the poverty threshold and were therefore at risk in the event of
environmental or natural disasters and price variations. And with Covid-19 this
is exactly what has happened.
Situation in 2020: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/goal-01/#:~:text=Estimates%20suggest%20that%202020%20saw,the%20progress%20made%20since%202016.
Then click on goal 2, 3 and 4
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
Situation in 2023: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/Goal-01/
Then click on goal 2, 3 and 4
So the number of people facing extreme poverty, starvation, hunger or
malnutrition actually rose in many low-income countries in 2020. At current
estimates progress towards SDGs 1, 2, 3 and 4 will not be sufficient to meet
the goals by 2030.
The
current overview according to the World Bank (November 2022)
‘The World Bank Group’s goals are to
end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. This mission underpins our
analytical, operational, and convening work in about 140 client countries.
For three decades, the number of
people living in extreme poverty— defined as those who live on less than $2.15
per person per day at 2017 purchasing power parity—was declining. But the trend
was interrupted in 2020, when poverty rose due to the disruption caused by the
COVID-19 crisis. The number of people in extreme poverty rose by 70 million to
more than 700 million people. The global extreme poverty rate reached 9.3
percent, up from 8.4 percent in 2019.
The world’s poorest people bore the
steepest costs of the pandemic. Their income losses were twice as high as the
world’s richest, and global inequality rose for the first time in decades. The
poorest also faced large setbacks in health and education which, if left
unaddressed by policy action, will have lasting consequences for their lifetime
income prospects.
The recovery since then has been
uneven. Rising food and energy prices—fueled in part by the war in Ukraine and
by climate shocks and conflict—have hindered a swift recovery. By the end of
2022, as many as 685 million people could still be living in extreme poverty.
The recent setbacks took place when
the speed of progress toward poverty reduction was already slowing, in tandem
with subdued global economic growth.
The recent crises have pushed the
world further off track from the global goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030.
Given current trends, 574 million people—nearly 7 percent of the world’s
population—will still be living on less than $2.15 a day in 2030. And the
challenge is made harder by the fact that extreme poverty is concentrated in
parts of the world where it will be hardest to eradicate: in Sub-Saharan
Africa, in conflict-affected areas, and in rural areas.’
Last Updated: Nov 30, 2022
From
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
Recent Background
Before the Covid-19 pandemic the
situation was already precarious
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/poor-diets-damaging-childrens-health-worldwide-warns-unicef
http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/
https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2019-07/holy-see-un-hunger-report-2019-arellano.html
the Covid-19 pandemic, measured in
terms of its effects on the SDGs in October 2021 according to the World Bank:
‘For almost 25 years, extreme
poverty — the first of the world’s Sustainable Development Goals — was
steadily declining.
Now, for the first time in a
generation, the quest to end poverty has suffered a setback.
Global extreme poverty rose in 2020
for the first time in over 20 years as the disruption of the
COVID-19 pandemic compounded the forces of conflict and climate change, which
were already slowing poverty reduction progress. About 100 million additional people
are living in poverty as a result of the pandemic.
In 2018, four out of five people
below the international poverty line lived in rural areas.
·
Half
of the poor are children. Women represent a majority of the poor in most
regions and among some age groups. About 70 percent of the global poor aged 15
and older have no schooling or only some basic education.
·
Almost
half of poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa live in just five countries: Nigeria,
the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Madagascar.
·
More
than 40 percent of the global poor live in economies affected by fragility,
conflict and violence, and that number is expected to rise to 67 percent in the
next decade. Those economies have just 10 percent of
the world’s population.
·
About
132 million of the global poor live in areas with high flood risk.
Many people who had barely escaped
extreme poverty could be forced back into it by the convergence of COVID-19,
conflict, and climate change.
The "new poor"
probably will:
·
Be
more urban than the chronic poor.
·
Be
more engaged in informal services and manufacturing and less in agriculture.
·
Live
in congested urban settings and work in the sectors most affected by lockdowns and
mobility restrictions.
Middle-income countries such as
India and Nigeria will be significantly affected; middle-income countries may
be home to about 80 percent of the new poor.
New research estimates that climate
change will drive 68 million to 132 million into poverty by 2030. Climate
change is a particularly acute threat for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia — the regions where most of the global poor are
concentrated. In a number of countries, a large share of the poor live in
areas that are both affected by conflict and facing high exposure to
floods — for example, Nepal, Cameroon, Liberia, and the Central African
Republic.
The newest and most immediate threat
to poverty reduction, COVID-19, has unleashed a worldwide economic disaster whose
shock waves continue to spread. Without an adequate global response, the
cumulative effects of the pandemic and its economic fallout, armed conflict,
and climate change will exact high human and economic costs well into the
future.
The latest research suggests that
the effects of the current crisis will almost certainly be felt in most
countries through 2030. Under these conditions, the goal of bringing the global
absolute poverty rate to less than 3 percent by 2030, which was already at risk
before the crisis, is now beyond reach without swift, significant, and
substantial policy action.
History shows that urgent and
collective action can help us tackle this crisis.’ October 2021 according to the World
Bank
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/coronavirus
https://feature.undp.org/covid-19-and-the-sdgs/
https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/2020-year-review-impact-covid-19-12-charts
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/
Covid-19 and food security
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/
Look at the graph at the bottom of this page. http://www.fao.org/hunger/en/
https://www.ifpri.org/publication/covid-19-and-global-food-security
climate change and food security
climate change evidence: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
basic facts: http://www.fao.org/news/story/it/item/356770/icode/
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5188e.pdf
before 2020: https://phys.org/news/2018-11-fragile-climate-food.html
and looking forward:
‘COVID-19
caused food insecurity to soar, but climate change will be much worse.’
http://www.fao.org/climate-change/en/
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-update
climate change and how it affects farming:
https://www.heifer.org/blog/how-climate-change-affects-agriculture.html
Demographic growth and food
production
In
December 2018 the World Resources Institute estimated that the world must
sustainably produce 56% more food by 2050 based on 2010 levels.
Feeding 10 billion people sustainably by 2050, then,
requires closing three gaps:
A 56 percent food gap between crop calories produced in
2010 and those needed in 2050 under “business as usual” growth;
A 593 million-hectare land gap (an area nearly
twice the size of India) between global agricultural land area in 2010 and
expected agricultural expansion by 2050; and
An 11-gigaton GHG mitigation gap between expected
agricultural emissions in 2050 and the target level needed to hold global
warming below 2oC (3.6°F), the level necessary for preventing the
worst climate impacts.
From: https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/12/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21-charts
Thus, many experts argue that given current population growth forecasts
for the developing world we will need another leap forward in terms of
innovation in farming technology and practices, like the Green Revolution of
the 1960s, simply in order to avoid widespread famine.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution (also
includes criticisms)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug (often credited with saving over a billion
people worldwide from starvation).
However, there are fears because increased food production has come at
the price of limited crop variety and biodiversity and has involved an
increased use of pesticides and more pollution. The growing use of agricultural
mono-cultures may not be sustainable in the long term.
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/food-system-monocultures-gm-un-diversity-day
https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/rise-and-fall-monoculture-farming
food scarcity, loss and
redistribution, water security
https://awellfedworld.org/scarcity-vs-distribution/
http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-agriculture/en/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_security
https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/
https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/climate-change/
Meanwhile a different trend is affecting many parts of the developed
world, low fertility rates and an ageing population.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_ageing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-countries-by-total-fertility-rate-2023/
The economic effects of an ageing population are varied and there may be
some benefits for economies which are expanding. For example, older people
often have higher accumulated savings per head than younger people, but may
spend less on consumer goods. Depending on the age
ranges at which the changes occur, an ageing population may thus result in
lower interest rates and the economic
benefits of lower inflation. Moreover, if the population falls and GDP remains
constant or grows at a very low rate, (e.g. 0.2 % a year) per capita income actually
increases in the short term. Some economists, mainly in Japan, see further
advantages in such changes, notably the opportunity for progress in automation
and technological development without causing unemployment. They emphasize a
need for a shift from concern about GDP growth to the idea of personal
well-being.
However, given the recent economic slowdown in many developed economies (and
the effects and costs of the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the
consequent rise in energy prices and inflation) none of the factors above are
likely in the short term to help economies already characterized by high
inflation, low levels of consumer spending and high interest rates. Moreover, population ageing also increases
some categories of expenditure, including some of those met from public
finances. The largest area of expenditure in many countries is now health care, the cost of which is likely to increase
dramatically as the population ages. This would present
governments with hard choices between higher taxes,
including a possible shift from taxes on earnings to taxes on consumption, and
a reduced government role in providing health care.
The second largest expenditure of most governments is education
and these expenses will tend to fall with an ageing population (there will be
fewer people in school), especially if the economy begins to grow again, as
fewer young people would probably continue into higher education as they would
be in immediate demand as part of the work force. However, with many countries
facing high youth unemployment the numbers in higher education may continue to
grow as may the numbers of NEETs (not in education, employment or training)..
https://www.idealista.it/en/news/lifestyle-in-italy/2023/06/14/229569-italy-is-among-the-countries-with-the-highest-number-of-neets-in-europe#:~:text=Italy%20is%20among%20the%20countries%20with%20the%20highest%20number%20of%20NEETs%20in%20Europe,-Devin%20Avery%20on&text=In%202022%2C%20more%20than%20one,percentage%20points%20compared%20to%202021.
Social security systems have also begun
to experience problems. Predefined benefit pension systems are
experiencing sustainability problems due to increased longevity. The extension
of the pension period by people living longer has not been matched by a rise in
pension contributions and has only been partly matched by an extension of the
active labour period (a raise in the retirement age), resulting in a decline in
replacement ratios. In recent years, many countries have adopted policies to
strengthen the financial sustainability of pension systems, although the
challenges regarding pension adequacy remain. One solution in favour of social
solidarity might be a flat-rate pension (or nearly flat-rate) for all,
regardless of (or with little regard for) the level of pension contributions
made. Another is simply to raise the age at which one receives a pension on
people born later. e.g. This is what is happening in many European countries.
Those who prefer the free market may argue for the gradual abolition of public
pension schemes in favour of the private sector, thus reducing the burden to
the state.
https://www.etk.fi/en/the-pension-system/international-comparison/retirement-ages/
Population growth in developing countries also
increases migration flows, pressure on the allocation of scarce resources
within the country and geographic area and the loss of biodiversity. See:
https://consensusforaction.stanford.edu/blog/population-growth-is-drivin.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/population-biology-and-anthropology/Migration
https://www.icmpd.org/file/download/58952/file/ICMPD_Migration_Outlook_2023.pdf
https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/01/in-developed-countries-migration-is-now-the-primary-driver-of-population-growth_5992145_23.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/hotspots-population-growth-areas-high-biodiversity See also the notes on this blog
regarding the EU and migration. Though many migrants are refugees seeking
political asylum, others are economic migrants moving to escape poverty, the
threat of starvation or simply to find better opportunities.
See also older material like:
The New Population Bomb, Jack A. Goldstone, Foreign Affairs Volume 89,
No.1, Jan/Feb 2010
https://www.sneps.net/t/MSc/images/Articles/10Goldstone%20pop%20bomb.pdf
Against the Grain, C. F. Runge and C. P. Runge,
Foreign Affairs Volume 89, No.1, Jan/Feb 2010
http://relooney.com/NS4053/0_NS4053_825.pdf
The Demographic Future, Nicholas Eberstadt, Foreign
Affairs Volume 89, No.6, Nov/Dec 2010 http://www.demographic-challenge.com/files/downloads/68690e7b35d02ba894dda06bcdf415dc/dc_the_demographic_future_eberstadt_foreignaffairs_novdez_2010.pdf
Baby Gap, Stephen Philip Kramer, Foreign Affairs Volume 91,
No.3, May/June 2012
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/baby-gap
How will
current population trends affect international relations?
Some ideas for an essay:
Size of current world population and forecasts for the future / rate of
growth, current trends and the predicted slow-down in rate of growth but only
stabilizing in 2100 / statistics on number of starving and suffering from
malnutrition, and number of people now at risk of starvation or malnutrition in
the near future. Look at the situation before the Covid-19 pandemic and
since then.
Growing pressure on world’s resources and environment / food / water /
shelter / medical care / finite reserves of fossil fuels and raw materials /
the need for recycling on a much larger scale / deforestation / desertification
/ land, air and sea pollution / urbanization / destruction of rural habitat /
endangered wildlife and reduced biodiversity / an increase in carbon and other
emissions /climate change / examples and statistics? / the difficulty of asking
poor countries to make sacrifices in terms of greener policies
Problems for poor countries with high population growth rates / you
could look at all the above-mentioned factors but at a local level by
focusing on the statistics and information for one country or area in
Africa or Asia e.g. the Horn of Africa / also gender issues, e.g.
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ETH/ethiopia/population-growth-rate
https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/06/1138087
https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/horn-of-africa-projections-of-a-famine-in-2023/
https://futures.issafrica.org/special-reports/region/horn-of-africa/
https://www.unicef.org/esa/media/12146/file/Demographic_Fast_Facts_2023%20Update.pdf
And the effects of the
pandemic https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/coronavirus-and-fragility-impact-covid-19-somalias-private-sector
http://www.fao.org/3/cb0198en/CB0198EN.pdf
Challenges for developing countries – At the moment we produce enough
food globally to feed the world’s population. The problem is the use of much of
this foof as fodder for animals in meat production, the unequal distribution in
the production of food resources between rich and poor countries and the lack
of infrastructure in developing countries to allow the effective delivery of
food from other regions in normal times, or from outside the country in terms
of emergency aid at a time of crisis.
/unemployment and underemployment (difficulty of creating jobs as quickly
as the population grows) , large disparities in the distribution of wealth
leading to political unrest (and often repression by authoritarian regimes)
with poor, stagnant or worsening living conditions and political instability
- provide examples and statistics for
any of these, e.g. North Africa?
/ an increase in migration from / the country to the city / poor,
overpopulated countries to other slightly less poor, more stable countries / to
wealthier ones e. g. to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states / to North America /
to Europe / remittances sent back home / examples and data for all or any of
these.
/ and as we have now seen, a greater likelihood of the spread of
epidemic diseases and the danger of a pandemic as more people and goods circulate
/ the interplay of the Covid-19 pandemic with these different trends.
Challenges for many rich countries – ageing populations / so without
migrants or raising retirement ages
further there will be a reduction in the workforce, and without
continuous technological development and greater automation there will be a
fall in GDP / growing pressure on welfare systems, in particular on the health
care system and the social security and pension system / burden carried by
those in work / countries with declining population levels and low growth rates
may see a similar decline in their influence on world affairs / immigration and
cultural diversity can lead to social conflict instead of harmony and cultural
enrichment / problems of acceptance and integration /educatiob/ security /
terrorism / the interplay of the Covid-19 pandemic with these different issues.
The real and wider problem for the international community is the need
for coordinated cooperation strategies in which all states agree to take part
(and to honour their commitments) in order to overcome a series of long-term
challenges which now seem to be interrelated (as set out in the UN's SDGs):
1) Dealing
effectively with environmental degradation and pollution, protecting wildlife
and biodiversity (any successful examples?)
2) Regulating carbon emissions (and other
shorter-lived atmospheric pollutants) and slowing climate change (describe
current situation) and reducing pollution due to plastics
3) Avoiding
competition for scarce resources like clean water and food and agreeing a more
equitable distribution / avoiding wasting these resources / examples, the water
of the Nile and the countries of North-East Africa / avoiding competition for
fossil fuel reserves and scarce raw materials and rare earths
4) Regulating migration, protecting the rights
of migrants and fostering integration, while enhancing security and
counter-terrorism
5) Rapidly
developing alternative, greener, cleaner and renewable sources of energy
(preferably not bio-mass sources like ethanol which may reduce the food supply)
and reducing waste by using our resources more intelligently.
6) Increasing
and diversifying food production. In 2019 the US produced 32% of the world’s
corn and 29% of its soybeans (critics also argue that too much US corn is now
used for bio-fuels), while 30 low-income countries were food-deficit countries.
In 2009 the FAO said global food production needed to increase by 70% (and
production needed to double in developing countries) to support a global population
expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100.
(In December 2018 the
World Resources Institute had estimated that the world must sustainably produce
56% more food by 2050 based on 2010 levels).
https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/12/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21-charts
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/35571/icode/ https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=corn https://www.statista.com/statistics/254294/distribution-of-global-corn-production-by-country-2012/
http://www.worldstopexports.com/soya-beans-exports-country/
How is this to be
achieved? Would better redistribution of resources be enough or do we need some
kind of agricultural/technological revolution?
https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2018/03/sustainable-agriculture-and-food-security
The debate about GMOs (genetically modified organisms) to increase food
production and the need for another Green Revolution or something similar, but
fears about agricultural monocultures. Better information could be made
available to small-scale farmers through the Global Open Data for Agriculture and
Nutrition IT project.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Open_Data_for_Agriculture_and_Nutrition
8) The need to recognise the Covid-19 pandemic as a global challenge and
cooperate to respond to it effectively and to be prepared for similar
challenges in the future.
9)
Encouraging sex education and voluntary birth control, although this is
controversial for some countries and cultures. Point out the dangers of China’s
former one-child policy (female infanticide), now abandoned in favour of a
two-child policy (Oct. 2015) and India’s 1970s’ voluntary sterilization policy
(the poor are more likely to volunteer if there are cash incentives and this is
a form of discrimination).
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/world/asia/china-end-one-child-policy.html
https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/4/10-083329/en/
10) More
importantly, the UN stresses that we should promote and support female primary,
secondary school and higher education and their entrance into the work force in
countries with a rapidly rising population, since the biggest single factors in
reducing fertility rates seem to be education and the empowerment of women.
http://blogs.worldbank.org/health/female-education-and-childbearing-closer-look-data
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/pop994.doc.htm
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/pgy/020.pdf
In the absence of successful diplomacy leading to an agreed
international approach to these problems, one could expect to see growing
competition for limited resources, conflicts resulting directly from such
competition, mass migrations and policies regarding global challenges decided
on an inadequate, ad hoc, nation by nation basis. In such a scenario we may all
end up as losers, but those most at risk in terms of food, health and economic
security and basic living conditions will be the first victims.
https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/climate-change-turns-african-rivers-epicentres-conflict
https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/omovalley
https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/global/competition
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2006/sep/01/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1
As Sustainable Development
Goal 17 makes clear, in order to deal with the problems caused or made worse by
population trends a global partnership will be necessary.
https://sdgcompass.org/sdgs/sdg-17/ Read this carefully
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17
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